No. 4 (100) (2023): Research, results

The scientific article presents the results of a comparative pollen analysis of honey from apiaries of Almaty and Zhetysu regions. A comparative pollen analysis of honey produced in different natural and climatic conditions was carried out. The specificity of the studied honey samples in the pollen content was determined. It was found that the quantitative and qualitative composition of pollen objectively reflects the geographical origin of the varieties of the studied honey samples. The possibility of pollen analysis to confirm the qualitative composition, naturalness and applicability of honey has been experimentally proven.

The quality of honey collected by bees depends on the type of honey plants. The article presents the results describing honey plants, their phenology and the arrival of bees on the plant. These studies are limited and lack of objectivity, there is no clear idea of the quality of honey collected and accumulated in hives, the human body can be affected by pollen grains of poisonous plants, based on the results of its analysis, it is possible to assess its naturalness, Floristic and geographical origin, all kinds of additives were identified. Thus, the studied honey samples can be considered natural, cumulative and polyferous.

The present work presents the results of a genome-wide association study of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with productive traits in traditional horse breeds, obtained on the basis of data from SNP genotyping of animals, carried out with the reagent set Equine 80k HTS («Illumina Inc», USA). Horses of the following breeds and types were studied Kazakh types Zhabe (n = 631), Adai (n = 303) and Naiman (n = 158), Mugalzhar (n = 584), Kushum (n = 226) and Kostanay (n = 116) breeds. Information on phenotypic data of the horses was collected before sampling and the following parameters were measured: the height at the withers, oblique body length, chest circumference, cannon bone circumference, and body weight. The total number of SNPs selected by quality control was 60,987. The genome-wide association study was performed using a linear regression test with the adaptive Monte-Carlo permutation method of p-value correction for multiple comparisons in PLINK1.9 software. The analysis revealed 60 polymorphisms associated with genes involved in the regulation of connective tissue and bone system, nervous system, immune system regulation, and other processes. This work confirmed the relevance of using such an approach in genome-wide association studies to detect single SNPs associated with individual traits.

The article presents the results of studying the formation of the meat productivity of lambs of the Saryarkinsky fat-tailed sheep breed (intra-breed Zhanaarka type), bred in the conditions of the breeding plant "Zhenis". The authors note that in the course of improving the precocity and meat productivity of this breed of sheep, at the first stage of the work, according to the type of introductory crossing, sheep-producers of the Edilbai sheep were used, and at the second - sheep of the intra–breed akkarabas type of the Kazakh coarse-haired sheep breed. The article provides an analysis of the dynamics of live weight and meat productivity of lambs during the dairy period of growth and development. The authors compare the indicators of the live weight of sheep and yarok with the breed standard, which exceed the requirements of the breed standard established for elite class animals by 2.2 and 1.1%, respectively. Based on the study of meat productivity, the authors conclude that the gene pool of fat-tailed sheep breeds used in crossing has made genetic adjustments, as a result of which the young of the modern herd of Saryarkin sheep have a noticeable advantage in slaughter weight and in the localization of fat deposits in the fat, by 4.0-5.2 and 1.2 kg, respectively.

The article analyzes the variability of the main selection characteristics of first-generation crossbreeds obtained by crossing the dams of the Edilbay breed of sheep with Gissar rams (I-experimental group), as well as purebred peers of the Edilbay breed (II-control group). As a result, the rams and young lambs of group I had a higher birth weight, that is, they were respectively 0.3;0.4 kg or 5.2;7.6% higher than their peers from group II; in 2 months by 1.6;2.5 kg or 4.3;7.1%, in 4 months by 5.5;3.6 kg or 13.8;9.9%, in 7 months 5.5;3.6 kg or 12.9;9.1%, at 12 and 18 months 3.7; 3.4 kg or 9.0;5.5%; And the live weight of 4-month-old rams and lambs of groups I and II is 7.1; 1.6; 3.9; 0.3 kg or 18.6; 4.2; 10.8; 0.8%, and in 18-month-old lambs 4.5; 1.1 kg or 7.5; 1.8% more than the standard established for elite class animals of the Еdilbayev breed.The level of annual wool clipping in group I was 1.63 kg, in group II - 2.07 kg, that is, 0.44 kg or 26.9% lower than in group I.In general, the indicator of live weight and wool clipping in young animals of group I is explained by the influence of the genotype of rams of the Gissar breed, which are slightly superior to the Edilbay breed in live weight, and inferior to them in wool clipping.

In this study, we analyzed the genetic characteristics of camels Camelus dromedarius and Camelus bactrianus from the populations of Shymkent and Taraz in Kazakhstan using ISSR-PCR markers. As a result, fragments of the following sizes were identified using the (AG)9C primer: 200, 320, 370, 430, 580, and 700 bp. Based on the (GA)9C primer, the length of the amplicons was 300, 350, and 430 bp. The number of polymorphic loci in the camels of the Shymkent population was 9, and the allelic index of polymorphic loci was 77.78%. The allelic index of polymorphic loci of camels in the Taraz population was 33.3%. The number of observed alleles (Na) averaged 1.38, the effective number of alleles (Ne) was 1.47, the genetic diversity (H) according to Nei was 0.25, and the Shannon index (I) was 0.36. The average allele index of polymorphic loci was 55.56% for both populations. Based on the results obtained, it can be argued that both markers used in this work are informative in assessing the genetic diversity of the studied camel populations. In addition, it was found that the two populations of camels differ from each other in genetic diversity.

Until 2030, 17 key areas were selected, the implementation of which could potentially lead the country to the sustainable development of all major spheres of life and the solution of global problems affecting every person in this world. The article reflects and presents scientific research data, objective characteristics of wool qualities and age-related changes signs of the structure of the skin of young South Kazakh merino sheep, as well as studies of the morphological parameters of the skin tissue in the age aspect (from birth to 18 months), and an analysis of their connection with the commercial properties and quality of the semi-finished product obtained from sheep of this breed is given. Productive qualities were studied in a flock of sheep of the South Kazakh Merino breed in “Batay-Shu” LLP. Sheep have a high live weight, shearing and yield of pure wool; rams have a fairly high live weight for the breed; component depending on age from 100-106 kg, and high wool productivity both in physical weight and in washed fiber - 10.3-6.6 kg, with an average output of washed wool of 64.5% thickness, with corresponding development epidermis (0.97-1.3% of the total skin thickness), a well-developed pilar layer (up to 67.7% of the total skin thickness) and relatively weak development of the reticular layer (about 33% of the total skin thickness). The density of hair follicles per 1 mm2 at 18 months of age is 52-60 units, and the secondary follicles/ primary follicles ratio is 12.17-12.77. After weaning and up to 7.5 months, buck lambs experience a noticeable increase in skin within 200 μm. During the same period, a slight increase in skin tissue occurs in ewe hoggs.

Septoria tritici (STB) blotch of wheat, caused by the ascomycete Zymoseptoria tritici (formerly Mycosphaerella graminicola), is one of the most serious foliar diseases of wheat. In many temperate wheat growers, STB is a devastating disease and yield losses can exceed 50% under favorable conditions. In particular the augmented use of soil management practices that leave large amounts of wheat stubble on the soil sur- face and global warming increases the chance of Septoria tritici blotch epidemics to emerge more frequently including in developing countries. The purpose of the study is to identify samples of wheat resistant to septoria blotch. The identification of STB-resistant spring breadwheat germplasm, in combination with and without the APR stage, will serve as an important resource in Septoria tritici (STB) resistance breeding efforts. According to the results of molecular screening for resistance to septoria and evaluation of the plant biomass index, 11 promising wheat lines were identified as carriers of the Stb 7 gene and high NDVI (Normalized difference vegetation index). Identified promising lines of wheat are recommended to be used as donors in breeding programs for resistance to septoria in the Almaty region.

The article is devoted to the implementation of reclamation measures with the use of organomineral meliorants on saline and exposed to varying degrees of salinity soils of the Agdash district. In the experiments conducted, the positive effect of chemical meliorants made on the basis of wood and cane sawdust on saline-saline soils of the Agdash district was investigated. The indicators of the amount of chemical meliorants and the washing rate adopted during the washing season were, respectively, 10 t / ha and 8 thousand m ³ / ha. A comparison of the results obtained with the results of experiments conducted with ordinary water and with the use of drywall revealed that the data obtained during soil washing with chemical meliorants are almost twice as high as the indicators of control variants. The option of washing the soils with the use of chemical meliorants allowed to completely eliminate the salinity of the soils. At the same time, the alkalinity of the soil solution decreased from 8.1 to 7.0-7.1, and the content of the residual amount of gypsum undissolved in water in the soil increased by more than 2 times when compared with the option of washing with ordinary water, which, in turn, has a direct effect on improving the water-physical properties of reclaimed soils and increasing its fertility.

In the conditions of south-east Kazakhstan, where winter wheat is mainly cultivated, one of the most harmful diseases is yellow rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. Epiphytotic development of the disease leads to a decrease in seed quality and loss of yield. Due to the emergence of new, more aggressive races of the pathogen throughout the world, constant study of the Pst population and the effectiveness of Yr genes remains relevant. Research into the pathogen's virulence and racial composition has been ongoing for many years in wheat-producing countries. In order to search for sources of resistance in winter wheat and determine the effectiveness of Yr genes, under conditions of an artificially infectious background, we conducted immunological studies at the experimental base of the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing (N43.238193° E76.696753°). The article presents the results of studying the resistance of isogenic lines (Yr) and differentiating varieties in the adult stage of the plant (APR). The state of resistance of genotypes to yellow rust was analyzed, the effectiveness of Yr genes was determined in the conditions of south-east Kazakhstan. Immunological studies, taking into account intrapopulation changes in Pst and the effectiveness of Yr genes, are a necessary preliminary stage of successful selection for immunity.

For the formation of grass-legume-grass mixtures, varieties created for single-species sowing conditions are used. With this approach to the selection of varieties for the formation of multispecies agrophytocenoses without taking into account the compatibility with other crops and varieties, there is no possibility to obtain consistently high yields. In our research on the study of cereal-legume grass mixtures consisting of 8 variants of oats with Sudan grass, peas and vetch, using different seeding rates and the amount of content of components, as a standard were taken two varieties of oats Bayzat and Duman at 100% seeding rate in single-species sowing. The samples were evaluated by such parameters as plant height, duration of the period from sprouting to maturity (flowering), fodder productivity, density of sprouts at spring growth and before harvesting. Based on the obtained data, it was noted that in agrophytocenosis with oats the most productive was four-component grass mixture - oats Bayzat (50%) + Sudan grass Nika (40%) + peas KASIB (20%) + vetch Obskaya 16 (20%)). Based on the selected varieties, plant species, seeding rate and lack of interspecific competition, this grass mixture was superior to other samples by 22.4% in terms of yield of fodder mass in comparison with other samples.

Recently, in the apple orchards of the Almaty region, there has been an increase in the number of apple glassworms. The pest can cause huge damage to gardening, while many gardeners may not be aware of this pest. Sometimes they populate up to 30-50% of trees. At first glance, this species may not be perceived as a pest, since it looks somewhat similar to a wasp. In Kazakhstan, the glass box was previously indicated only for the north and north-west of the country. According to the latest data, it is often observed in the south and south-east of the country. It should be noted that the study of the apple glassworm in the south-east of Kazakhstan should be continued as a dangerous multi-eating pest of fruit trees, capable of giving outbreaks of mass reproduction and settling in new habitats. In this regard, the study of apple glass is relevant in the field of horticulture

The article presents the results of field tests conducted to determine the relative ameliorative efficiency of acidification of equivalent doses of phosphogypsum, elemental sulfur and sulfuric acid in heavy loamy soda-saline solonetzes, formed in the form of spots in the zone of light gray soils of the foothill plain of Ileisky Alatau. After a nine-month incubation of the above-mentioned ameliorants and washing with water of newly formed secondary salts, a decrease in the concentration of ions in the ionic composition of the soil solution was also established. As a result, the highly alkaline environment (pH ~ 9.0-10.0) of soda-saline soil approaches neutral (pH 7.4-7.9). In addition, after 9 months of incubation of chemical ameliorants in the 0-20 cm soil layer, the proportion of absorbed sodium reached the level of non-saline content, which creates somewhat favorable conditions for the normal growth and development of plants.

Under the conditions of global climate change, there is a geographical change in the area of development and distribution of the most dangerous pathogens of grain crops, as a result, the harmfulness of epidemics increases. In this case, it is important to control the phytopathogens of yellow rust (P. striiformis f. sp. tritici) and leaf rust (P. triticina f. sp. tritici), the main types of diseases in the fields of winter wheat in southeastern Kazakhstan. In years favorable for the development of phytopathogens, there is a sharp decrease in the yield of spikelets and grain quality. New aggressive types of pathogens make most high-potential, valuable varieties of grain crops vulnerable to the pathogen. In order to determine the immunological value of winter wheat varieties in breeding, in 2021-2023, immunological studies were carried out on the experimental basis of the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing. A collection of 200 domestic and foreign varieties of winter wheat was subjected to a targeted immunological assessment, under conditions of an artificially infectious background of rust. Artificial infestations were carried out using yellow rust (P. striiformis f. sp. tritici) and leaf rust (P. triticina f. sp. tritici) uredospore populations. The resistance of winter wheat to rust was analyzed in the conditions of the south-east of Kazakhstan. The reaction of resistance of valuable varieties to rust pathogens is described. Disease-resistant varieties selected as a result of immunological evaluation have the greatest immunological value for breeding.

The proposed article presents the preliminary results of the introduction study of wild tulip species in subarid conditions of the Botanical Garden of the Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University. The planting material of five wild tulip species is characterized by the size of bulbs (analysis), field germination, growth dynamics, development and flowering. In the first year of vegetation, in addition to Tulipa turkestanica, other species bloomed and formed seeds, which indicates the success of the introduction of the studied wild tulip species in the subarid conditions of Turkestan. The results of the study suggest that introduced species of wild tulips may well be donors of valuable breeding traits.

The introduction success of tulip species is influenced by soil and climatic conditions and features of the species. The climatic conditions of the Turkestan region are favorable for the introduction of wild tulip species. The regrowth of wild tulip species in Turkestan in 2023 began in early February. Depending on the species, the maximum plant growth per day in the studied introducers is up to 1.0 cm, in the species Tulipa ortopoda, the minimum in Tulipa turkestanica is 0.36 cm and in Tulipa tetraphylla – 0.26 cm. In all species, the most intensive growth is observed until the first decade of March.

The size of the bulbs is a specific property that affects the field germination of annual introducers, plant height, flowering dynamics on species characteristics that need to be taken into account in breeding work. The results of the study suggest that the studied species of wild tulips may well be donors of valuable breeding traits. According to the results of the first year of study, the most adapted to the conditions of Turkestan were the species: Tulipa orthopoda and Tulipa tetraphylla.

        This article presents an ecological and biological harmless method, soil strengthening using microorganisms, to produce biocement. Two methods were used in the study: microbial injection and mixing method. Two types of each method were used: a fixed and non-fixed form of injection and a styrylated and untyrylated form of mixing method. The microorganism Sporosarcina pasteurii was used in the process of biocement production, studies were carried out to strengthen the sand and improve various mechanical properties of the sand, and the results were obtained.   

         The possibility of using calcium carbonate (calcite) precipitation to strengthen sand by microbiological method has increased, leading to its widespread dissemination and study. At present, the method of strengthening sand has a great biotechnological significance, is a cost-effective and promising method compared with other technologies. In the research work using Sporosarcina pasteurii microorganisms, a collon of sand was strengthened by calcium carbonate precipitation.

        When examining the biocement with the SEM-BSE microscope and X-rays, the calcium carbonates can be clearly seen. So, summarizing the work, it was proved that the microorganism Sporosarcina pasteurii can be used to strengthen the sand. In a study of sand strength in water erosion proved that the fixation injection is more effective than the injection without fixation.

According to the mixing method, culturing bacteria in sterile medium without centrifugation has no negative effect on the reproductive activity of microorganisms and the formation of calcite crystals.

Studies of precision farming elements were carried out in the period from 2020 to 2022 at the experimental sites of “Scientific and Production Center of Grain Farming named after A.I. Barayev” LLP in the Shortandinsky district of the Akmola region. The effectiveness of differentiated application of continuous herbicides in the fight against weeds in pairs and in the pre-sowing period has been revealed. The advantages of the Weed Seeker system installed on a modern John Deere trailer sprayer in comparison with traditional processing were demonstrated. The results of the field study showed that 50.5-80.4% of the working solution was saved in conditions of differentiated application of herbicides with different degrees of contamination compared to the control variant. There were no significant differences in the processing efficiency. A reduction in the dose of herbicides based on the active substance glyphosate by 10%, 25% and 50% with the addition of the drug Vitanoll in the norm - 0.03 l/ha showed that the biological efficacy is not significantly reduced (5.0%-0.2%) compared with the full dose of application and varied from 96.2 to 83.6%.

The long-term results of the study of varieties and varietal samples of sainfoin on the productivity and quality of feed are presented. The set of studied varieties is represented by hybrid material of domestic breeding and standard varieties recommended by the State Register of Breeding Achievements. Field assessments of breeding material and varieties of sainfoin were carried out by constant phenological observations and registration of the main phases of development.

A detailed description of the prevailing weather conditions during the years of experiments on the temperature regime and degree of humidification is presented. The differentiation of the studied material by the level of total productivity of green mass, dry matter and seeds is revealed. To determine the parameters of the feed value of the varieties, laboratory analyses of the content of raw and digestible protein, fiber, crude fat and ash, feed units were carried out.

Samples of sainfoin with separate positive signs and a complex of positive properties were identified.

For three years of study, 7 varieties of sainfoin with a yield of 103.4-111.3 c/ha were isolated from 20 varieties of sainfoin according to the yield of green mass. The maximum dry matter yield was 22-87-2016, 27-90-2016, 32-74-2016, 34-67-2016 and the Shortandinsky ruby variety. 5 cultivars were distinguished by high seed productivity.

According to a set of indicators (high productivity of green mass, dry matter and quality), the best were 34-67-2016, 22-87-2016, 32-74-2016 and the Shortandinsky ruby.

The most valuable sainfoin material is recommended for further breeding improvement in the conditions of the dry steppe of the Akmola region.

The field of use of the results is feed production, breeding and seed production.

The article presents experimental data on the production of improved planting material of four varieties of garden strawberries in the culture of apical meristems for the creation of basic and reproductive uterine plantings, accelerated introduction into production of the best varieties from the world collection. selected strawberry varieties were introduced into the tissue culture with the improvement of the technological scheme of clonal micro-propagation specifically for each variety at the stages of explant sterilization, introduction into tissue culture, primary regeneration of apexes, proliferation and rhizogenesis with genotype preservation. A sufficient amount of material has been propagated in tissue culture and the adaptation period has been improved – during the transition of plants in vitro – ex vitro. Microcloned plants in the greenhouse were grown to standard sizes of the basic category and replicated to basic sockets. The biotechnology of microclonal reproduction of strawberries in vitro and obtaining planting material free from viral and mycoplasma infections has been developed. The elements of the technology of clonal micropropagation of promising varieties of strawberry in vitro have been optimized. The reproduction coefficient for 5 passages averaged from 50 for the Sabrina variety to 150 for the Black Prince variety.  The rate of formation of the root system depended on varietal characteristics. The Black Prince variety was distinguished by a high rate of root formation - 25-30 days after passage to the root medium, then the Sabrina and Malvina varieties -35-40 days and the San Andres variety - 45-55 days.

The article presents the results of the study of varieties and breeding samples of Sudan grass in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan. The research was conducted in Akmola region in “Scientific and Production Center of Grain Farming named after A.I. Barayev” LLP. Varieties and breeding samples of Sudan grass were studied for economically valuable traits: drought resistance, plant height, yield of herbage and dry matter, seed yield, resistance to diseases and pests, fodder quality (crude protein and crude fiber content).

On average for two years of study 2022-2023. 4 complex-hybrid populations K-1, K-2, K-3, K-4 were isolated, which exceeded the variety-standard Nika (151.0 c/ha, 48.5 c/ha, 14.9 c/ha) in herbage yield by 0.6-8.5%, in dry matter yield by 1.0-14.6%, in seed yield by 2.7-7.4%, in crude protein content exceeded the standard (11.93%) by 0.64-1.96%.

As a result of study of varieties and best breeding numbers of Sudan grass for 2022-2023, 4 complex-hybrid populations were identified: K-1, K-2, K-3, K-4 on the complex of economically useful traits, which will be further used in breeding work as combining high drought tolerance, resistance to diseases and pests with high yields of fodder mass, seeds and quality of fodder.

The scientific article was prepared within the program of targeted funding of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2021-2023. BR 10765056 “Creation of high-yielding varieties and hybrids of grain crops based on the achievements of biotechnology, genetics, physiology, biochemistry of plants for their sustainable production in different soil and climatic zones of Kazakhstan” under the measure “Breeding of high-yielding, adapted to stress factors of the environment varieties, hybrids of grain and fodder sorghum”.

Key words: Sudan grass, breeding, variety, breeding number, herbage yield, dry matter yield, crude protein.

The article presents the results of studies on the influence of long-term application of phosphoric fertilizers on sugar beet crops unchallenged for more than 50 years on the transformation of phosphate forms on light chestnut soil and its productivity in comparison with the identical options in the rotation.

Despite the large amount of practical material, the effect of the duration of application of phosphorus fertilizers on irrigated soils in Kazakhstan has not been sufficiently studied. The available isolated data on the influence of the duration of fertilizer application relate to the aspect of assessing their impact on the yield and quality of the crop and, partly, on the phosphate regime of soils. Most of the studies were carried out within the framework of short-term field experiments, which are designed, first of all, to establish specific doses of fertilizers on the productivity of agricultural crops. These field studies were carried out on a fairly narrow background and time frame of variation in soil fertility characteristics, which did not allow us to establish the qualitative and quantitative composition of phosphates and their functional relationship between the level of potential and effective fertility.

Rational use of water resources is of current importance in the integrated use and regulation of flow. Therefore, a water management calculation is needed that will allow water resources to be distributed efficiently and unacceptably, without allowing them to be overused. The article discusses issues of assessing the water resources of the Aral-Syrdarya water basin. To analyze the hydrological characteristics of the basin under study, series of annual water runoff were reconstructed and chronological graphs of annual runoff were constructed. At calculating the parameters of the annual runoff, total and difference integral curves were constructed, the values of the annual runoff were determined using all sets of data from hydrological posts of the studied Syrdarya River basin. The main statistical parameters of the annual river runoff, random errors in the mathematical expectation and the coefficient of variation were assessed.

For water management calculations, data from the report of the Aral-Syr Darya Basin Inspectorate on regulation of the use and protection of water resources for 2016, as well as the Scheme for the integrated use and protection of water resources in the river basin, were used. Syrdarya for 2018.

Analysis of the water balance for the periods 2010-2018. takes into account that the incoming part of the water balance of the Aral-Syrdarya river basin was 81,690.69 million m3, the outgoing part was 82,446.35 million m³. Based on the data, a water balance was compiled and an analysis was made that the flow decreased by 755.66 million m³, which naturally affected the decrease in the level of the Aral Sea. Also, according to the water balance of the Shardara, Badamskoye, Bugunskoye and Kapshagai reservoirs, accumulation was positive. But in the Koshkurgan reservoir, accumulation was negative.

The Sharyn River is the largest tributary of the Ile River. The area of the river basin is 7720 km² and its length is 427 km. The sources of the river and its right-bank tributaries are located on the southern slope of the Ketmen ridge. Its most abundant left-bank tributary (the Karkara River) forms the flow from the northeastern spurs of the Terskey-Alatau and Kungai-Alatau. The Sharyn belongs to the rivers of mixed type of feeding (with predominance of snow), with a prolonged period of spring-summer flooding (April-July) due to different snow melting in different altitude zones. Runoff formation occurs mainly in the high-altitude and mid-mountain zones of the basin.

The Moynak hydroelectric power plant was commissioned in 2012 in the upper part of the Sharyn River. The creation of the hydropower plant changed the flow of the Sharyn River, downstream of the facility grows ash grove on the area of 5014 hectares. Ash grove has the status of a natural monument of republican importance. In addition to the Sogdian ash tree, there are sisolic poplar, turanga, pinnate elm, barberry, sea buckthorn and others.

 Although some work has been done on water resources management, a water resources Management Plan for the Sharyn River has not yet been developed. As part of the research, the current state of floodplain forests, the extent of vegetation coverage and the level of floodplain moisture content in dynamics for 2000-2018 were assessed.

Based on the analysis of available materials and the results of the research, measures to monitor the hydrological regime of the river and the state of the population of Sogdian ash as the key species, to ensure periodic flooding of the floodplain, corresponding to the conditions of sustainable functioning of floodplain vegetation, were summarized and proposed.

The article presents materials on the use of the harvester-forwarder logging complex in the North Kazakhstan region. The forests of the North-Kazakhstan region make up a kind of natural complex, consisting of birch-aspen wood-massive and pine-island plantations. The total timber stock in the region, according to the forest fund records, is 51.9 million m³.

The basis for the full use of forest bioresources and an increase in labor productivity is the comprehensive mechanization of all labor-intensive technological processes, which can be achieved by the widespread introduction and use of machines and mechanisms. Logging machines of the forestry of the North-Kazakhstan region are represented by a line of machines of the «AMKODOR» Holding, which allow you to perform the entire cycle of work at the lowest cost. To perform forestry operations in the form of thinning forests, the holding has developed a range of mini-harvesters and mini-forwarders, which are used in their production by IE «Akhmutdinov», LLP «ABI-ZHER». A harvester is produced for felling trees and cutting them into assortments. To perform technological tasks for the collection, sorting and delivery of assortments to a warehouse or to a logging road, various forwarder models are offered. As private forest users, they use innovative logging technologies, in particular, the harvester-forwarder complex. Harvesters in the conditions of the Kazakh uplands work with a capacity of 100-120m³ per 8-hour shift. In more favorable conditions, productivity will increase to 150-180 m³.

Annotation. The need to fully satisfy the growing population of the country with food grains is one of the key problems of agricultural production. The most important factor in increasing the volume of grain production in modern conditions is the intensification of the grain field. The essence of the intensification process comes down to a qualitative transformation of the main means of production of agricultural products - land and improvement of the technology for growing grain crops in such a way as to increase the yield of grain per unit area while simultaneously reducing labor costs and funds per unit of product obtained. A special place in intensification is given to the development and development of modern technologies for growing agricultural crops.

            The peculiarity of intensive technologies for cultivating agricultural crops, in particular grains, is that the system of technological operations is aimed at neutralizing factors that limit productivity. Therefore, the development of such technologies is based on taking into account biological characteristics in order to enhance the vital activity of plants by creating the most favorable conditions for a particular variety and in a particular field. The effectiveness of intensive technologies is best manifested only with a generally high culture of agriculture, with the development of all elements of its scientifically based systems, with strict adherence to technological requirements, and also a detailed study of the water balance of irrigated lands makes it possible to develop measures aimed at preserving a favorable reclamation situation. Among the most important is strict rationing of water supply to irrigated lands. Research to substantiate rational norms of water consumption for agricultural crops and water balance observations were carried out in the Karaultyubinsky experimental farm of the Kyzylorda irrigation area.

Large burnt areas in the dry steppe are not covered with undergrowth of the main forest tree species. In elevated areas, pine regeneration is completely absent; in low places, there is a single large-sized pine undergrowth, the age of which is equal to the age of the burnt area or slightly less. In the burnt areas, pine in the lowlands grows more intensively than under the forest canopy, which is associated with light and root competition. When planning silvicultural work, it is necessary to take into account the features of the relief. On high crests and slopes it is expedient to create Salix acutifolia-pine crops with a density of at least 6-7 thousand pieces/ha, and on low gentle crests and slopes - pure pine crops with a density of at least 10-12 thousand pieces/ha.

During the research, 12 soil varieties were identified (Table 3). According to forest suitability, they are divided into 2 groups: group I - forest-suitable soils (992.7 ha - 99.2%), group II - non-forest soils (7.9 ha - 0.8%). Thus, almost the entire surveyed area is forestable. Only meadow-marsh soils are excluded from afforestation, due to their unfavorable water-physical properties (close occurrence: groundwater, constant excess moisture in the profile).

Also on meadow soils, due to the shallow (1.5 m) occurrence of groundwater, pine planting is undesirable. Here it is more expedient to plant birch, poplar (on an experimental basis), which, due to its physiological characteristics, contributes to a decrease in the level of groundwater, or mixed (birch, pine), since pine occurs naturally on these soils, and their chemical properties quite favorable.

The forest plantations that existed before the fire on dark chestnut deep-boiling and meadow-chestnut deep-boiling soils indicate the possibility of using these soils for artificial plantations.

In this work, in the south of the republic, the study of the possibility of saving water, the presence of soil moisture in the system of 70-75-65% relative to PPV before drip irrigation of winter wheat reduced the phosphorus content against the background of N-187.5; P2O5-131, K2O-93.7 kg/ha, reducing the norms of mineral fertilizers in winter wheat fertilization by 25%. The amount of mobile phosphorus and nitrogen in the soil is 6.3-11.0 mg / kg, an increase in efficiency of up to 25%, as well as data on the yield of winter wheat.

The territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan is 2.73 million km² and occupies the 9th place in the world, as it is known, the hydrographic characteristics of rivers and temporary watercourses are the initial basis for absolutely all engineering and hydrological assessments. There is a certain gap in the knowledge of quantitative characteristics of watercourses in the accounting of the water fund of Kazakhstan today. The object of the study is the rivers of Kazakhstan with a length of more than 10 km. The main purpose of the research was to conduct a full-scale certification and comprehensive inventory of river basins. Identification of rivers and temporary watercourses of Kazakhstan was carried out in order to clarify and update the hydrographic network, its quantitative and qualitative indicators. Using modern technologies with remote sensing data of the earth, conducted field studies, as well as on the basis of topographic maps, it became possible to significantly supplement the inventory. As a result, 17,736 natural watercourses with a length of more than 10 km were identified for flat areas with a height difference between the mouth and the source up to 200 m, and more than 5 km for mountainous areas throughout Kazakhstan. The assessment of the features of the hydrographic network will further serve as the basis for ensuring the effective development of water management measures in the interests of rational use of water resources.

The traditional method of measuring grain moisture, involving air oven drying, is time-consuming. Electric moisture meters are widely used in the rice industry but often require calibration using the air oven drying method. Therefore, an alternative, faster, and reliable approach is essential, especially for grain marketing. This study utilized rice samples of varying sizes: Bg 300 (medium fat), Bg 358 (short round), and At 405 (long thin). Five humidity levels (12-20% wet basis) were achieved by adding known water amounts. The correlation between moisture values in a microwave oven and hot-air oven was assessed using Pearson, Spearman, and Kendall coefficients. A linear regression relationship was established between the methods. The findings revealed a significant correlation (r > 0.55, P < 0.01) between the temperature values of the air furnace and the MW furnace for three rice samples, except at 870 watts. However, using 550 watts for 7 minutes showed a notably higher regression coefficient (r = 0.94, P < 0.01) for temperature values in the air furnace. In conclusion, household microwave ovens can effectively determine moisture content in various rice varieties, serving as an alternative to traditional air oven drying. This research aims to compare the efficacy of the two methods for moisture determination.

Modern society development is quite a contradicting process, on the one hand we could see outstanding achievements of science and technology, on the other hand it is difficult to ignore dangerous environmental situation, an increase in information, changes in the nature and rhythm of life and nutrition. Currently, it is obvious that the way of eating is the most important factor affecting a person's health, his ability to work, the ability to resist all kinds of external influences and, ultimately, determining the duration and quality of life.

Analyzing the collected data, we came to the conclusion that functional food plays a significant role in the concept of healthy nutrition.  It is expected the growth of the market will increase the already high demand for nutritional and fortifying dietary supplements.

The work shows the analysis of registered specialized food products by countries producers.  The leading countries in terms of supplies are Japan, the USA, Russia and Germany. The share of domestic products was determined, making possible to see which forms prevail in the structure of the range of specialized food products in our republic.

Dried fruits obtained from grapes, due to the combination of high nutritional value and pleasant taste, are considered a healthy food product. The study of the biological and nutritional value of dried grapes from varieties growing in the south of Kazakhstan was conducted on the basis of the Research Institute "Problems of Agriculture and ER" of the M. Auezov South Kazakhstan State University. Experimental drying of grapes was carried out on an infrared drying plant SHS-80 using ecological modern technology without the use of chemical reagents at the pretreatment stage. In this paper, the technological parameters of drying (change in the mass of raw materials, drying time and productivity) are determined for four grape varieties. The samples of dried grapes contain a sufficient amount of sucrose (3.38 and 5.17), which is typical for grape varieties from the southern region. According to the total content of polyphenols, samples of dark grape varieties (Kishmish, Mercedes, Taifi pink) showed good values in the range of 220.5-309.1mg GC/100 g. Whereas the smallest amount of 110.0GC/100 g was found in the white grape variety. Also, the experimental samples showed a high content of potassium (from 34% to 39%), calcium (on average 2.66-3.53%) and phosphorus (2.92-3.88). Consumers and interested parties can benefit from the production and sale of the offered dried products, such as regional brands of Kazakhstan or products with geographical indication (GI).

In this article, the authors considered the main aspects of the impact of climate change on the economic efficiency of grain and legume production and prospects in Kazakhstan. Climate change affects the instability of grain and legume products and leads to a decrease in production efficiency. All of the above determines the relevance and significance of this topic. The analysis of the level of productivity of cereals and legumes in the regions of Kazakhstan was carried out. The authors conducted a survey among agricultural producers of the Kazakhstan region and conducted a deeper analysis. The article provides not only an economic analysis, but also an analysis of the attitude of farms to climate changes. In the course of determining the economic efficiency of cereals and legumes in Kazakhstan on farms, it was found that climate change affects productivity and product quality. Weather volatility affects the physical properties of the soil and there is a risk of affecting the physical development of crops, making the production of cereals and legumes unprofitable from an economic point of view. In conclusion, the authors considered the prospects for the development of cereals and legumes in Kazakhstan and presented their proposals. For the article, the review of the IPCC, WTO, FAO, UNEP, UNDP, IMF, WB, OECD, Kazhydromet, Kazakhstan Statistics Committee and various literature was made, the Strategic Development Plan of the Republic of Kazakhstan and reports of organizations were used.

In the policy of healthy nutrition, much attention is paid to the physiology of nutrition. In addition to a balanced amino acid composition and high digestibility of proteins, food products should contain complex carbohydrates, ballast substances (dietary fibers) that ensure the normal functioning of the digestive organs. For the production of pasta from traditional raw materials, hard wheat varieties are used, which are "poor" in chemical composition with the most important nutrients.

In this regard, the most promising way to increase the nutritional value of grain products (for example, pasta) is to create multi-grain mixtures from whole grain flour, balanced in amino acid, mineral and vitamin composition.

The article is devoted to determining the feasibility of using non-traditional poly-slag raw materials (peas, corn and soybeans, etc.) to increase the nutritional and biological value of pasta; to study the chemical properties and nutritional value of poly-slag raw materials; to study the effect of flour dosages of various cereals and legumes on the main components of poly-slag flour mixture; to develop a recipe for the production of pasta based on poly-slag raw materials.

Key words: pasta, pasta dough, dry wheat gluten (WPC), rheological properties of the dough.

The grain-product subcomplex of agricultural production is an important link in the agro-industrial complex, and efficient transportation of grain plays a key role in its successful operation. Technological adaptation of transport vehicles is crucial for optimizing transport processes and reducing costs. This article will consider using quantitative indicators to evaluate and optimize transport vehicles' technological adaptation in the agro-industrial complex's grain-product subcomplex. A review of literature, research and publications related to the technological adaptation of transport vehicles and modelling of transport processes in the grain-product subcomplex of the agroindustrial complex was conducted. This made it possible to identify the main methods and indicators used to assess the adaptation and optimization of transport processes. Data on grain transportation in the grain-product subcomplex of the agro-industrial complex were collected, including transportation volumes, distances, fuel costs, the use of transport vehicles and other parameters. These data were used for subsequent analysis and calculation of quantitative indicators. The study's results confirm that using quantitative indicators makes it possible to more accurately assess transport vehicles' technological adaptation in the agro-industrial complex's grain-product subcomplex. Identifying key indicators and taking them into account when choosing transport vehicles and optimizing routes helps to reduce costs and increase productivity and efficiency of transportation. The study of quantitative indicators for assessing the technological adaptation of transport vehicles is an essential contribution to logistics and planning in the grain-product subcomplex of the agro-industrial complex. The results and conclusions of this study can be used to make informed decisions and optimize transport processes in this industry.