No. 2 (90) (2021): Research, results

Investigation, statistic andconsult the related references was conducted to help understand references the current situation and future development of C.carpio Linnaeusin Kazakhstan. Results showed that C.carpio Linnaeus, through artificial propagation, pond fish fingerling culture and artificial releasing, has distributed the bulk of river, lake with reservoir and became one of economic fishes since the beginning of the 20 th century. The amountof release was one hundred and three millions and four hundred thousands tails every year, the average of survive rate, size and yield per unit was 27.0% 23.0g per tail and 560kg·hm-2 at present. The production of big water level was 3100t, while pond culture was 150t every year. In Kazakhstan, cultivation technique of C.carpio Linnaeusalways lags behind other nations and pond fish fingerling was low in efficiency, lead to pond culture of C.carpioLinnaeusstill blank. In order tothe development of C.carpio Linnaeus culture, introduce foreign advanced culture technology, subsidize revenue from country and adjustment of industrial structure is necessary.
According to the World Health Organization, everyone should consume at least 16-18 kg of fish per year. By 2030, our country plans to increase fish consumption to 28 kg per capita per year.
To achieve these goals, it is necessary to intensively develop all areas of commercial fish farming, such as lake-commodity, pond, and industrial by introducing effective scientifically based developments. The introduction of cost-effective technological methods for the production of fish-planting material of herbivorous fish species will ensure the profitability of commercial fish farming in various regions of the country.

The study of the biological properties of the washing phage is an important stage in the creation of biological products, phagoindication and identification of bacteria. The main sign of the phage's effect on sensitive bacteria is their lysis, accompanied by the release of new phage virions into the environment.
The novelty of this work is that for the first time in Kazakhstan, research is being conducted to study the biological properties of bacteriophages for the treatment of horse soap, isolated environmental objects and biomaterial from farms in the Almaty region.
All the studied phages had a titer of 10⁷-10⁹ according to Appelmann and 10⁹-10¹⁰ according to
Grazia, had a pronounced specificity in relation to Streptococcus equi and did not show activity against Streptococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, they retained lytic activity for 2 months, were resistant to heating in the range of 60°C-95°C for 30 minutes. The phages were resistant to 10% chloroform solution for 45 min.

The article presents the results of the study of heavy metal contamination of the soils of peasant farms, such as «AлeмТрeйд KZ» LLP and «Aidarbayev» of the Almaty region. Soil samples for the study were taken in the early spring, summer and autumn of 2020. The levels of Hg, Cd, Pb, and Ascontent in the arable layer of the soil cover were determined. Laboratory analyses of toxic elements in the study samples were performed on the novaa350 atomic absorption spectrometer with the TaLab voltammetric analyzer of the Kazakh-Japanese Innovation Center.
The obtained average data on the farm of AlemTrade KZ LLP reflect a low level of heavy metals content compared to the maximum permissible concentration. The average amount of cadmium was 0.0869 mg/kg, lead - 0.0395 mg/kg, arsenic - 0.0062 mg/kg and mercury - 0.0094 mg/kg. The average concentrations of mercury and arsenic in soil samples of two farms for the entire season averaged 0.02239 mg / kg and 0.0194 mg/kg, respectively, which do not exceed the MPC.
Studies of the start rehearsal showed that the content of cadmium, mercury, lead and arsenic according to the studied parameters does not reach solvable concentrations for landscapes. The obtained results serve as the basis for subsequent monitoring of the environment on the content of heavy metals in natural objects of the Republic.

The basis for increasing animal husbandry is the preservation of newborns, the breeding of well-developed offspring adapted to new conditions of maintenance.
Infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract. These diseases cause significant economic damage to the economy, which can be explained by the fact that 50-80% of offspring are affected by the disease, including 30-40% of the dead.
The article provides a brief description of escherichiosis disease, one of the most common diseases of the offspring, which has an adhesive antigen isolated from fallen and clinically healthy calves with a small characteristic of one of the most common diseases of the offspring, depending on their ability to hemolize red blood cells of various animals, and a biopsy was performed on mice. The fact that escherichia form tri-alpha -, beta - and delta-hemotoxins, E. coli, is the result of determining hemolytic activity. According to the results of the study of morphological, biochemical, antigenic and toxic properties, two strains of 6 were obtained in a special laboratory-E. coli21(K99), E. coli 36 (F-41) were sorted and used for hyperimmunization. The results of the study showed that among newborn calves, bacterial infection is of great importance in the etiology of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Analysis of literature data shows that strangles horses is a widespread disease in many countries of the world, causing significant economic damage to the development of horse breeding. The economic damage caused by strangles horses consists of a lag in the growth and development of sick animals, a decrease in the fatness and death of young horses, as well as funds spent annually on medical and organizational and economic measures aimed at combating this disease.
Despite the fact that horse strangles horses has long been known and extensive scientific information about it has been accumulated, the study of many questions about the specifics of the manifestation and control of this disease remains relevant at the present time.

The study of the biological properties of bacteriophages is an important stage in the creation of biologics, phagoindication and phage identification of bacteria. The main sign of the action of phages on sensitive bacteria is their lysis, accompanied by the release of new phage virions into the environment.
Research has been conducted to study the basic biological properties of bacteriophages in relation to mycobacteria isolated from environmental objects and biological material.
All the phages studied had a titer of 10⁷-10⁹ by Appelman and 10⁹-10¹⁰ by Grazia, had a pronounced specificity in relation to mycobacteria: M. bovis, M. tuberculosis, M. kansasii, M. avium, M. scrofulaseum, M. phlei, M. terrae, M. intracellulare, M. smegmatis and did not show activity against other mycobacteria species.
All these phages maintained their lytic activity for 2 months and were resistant to heating in the range of 50°C-70°C for 30 minutes. The phages were resistant to 10% chloroform solution for 45 min.

To study the dynamics of the growth of subdominant and dominant follicles, the authors of the article used the method of scanning cow ovaries during the estrous cycle using a PU2200Vet device equipped with a convex endorectal transducer with a frequency of 5,0-7,0 MHz. The optimal interval for determining the growth of subdominant and dominant follicles in cows is an ultrasound scan of both ovaries with an interval of 48 hours. To determine the size of subdominant and dominant ovaries, the authors of the article recommend using the method of determining the volume of follicles, since measuring the width and length of follicles is not an accurate criterion. The minimum volume of subdominant follicles was 6,4064 mm² (3,08х2,08 mm). According to preliminary results of ultrasound scanning in the animal under study, two growth waves of dominant follicles were established with the duration of the first growth wave of dominant follicles 4 days, the second growth wave of dominant follicles - 12 days, the growth of dominant follicles is accompanied by an increase in the population of subdominant follicles, most of the subdominant follicles have the size of the follicles 6,4064 mm² to 42,042 mm². The results of experimental work indicate that experiments to study the dynamics of the growth of subdominant and dominant follicles in cows should be carried out on animals with a spontaneous sexual cycle during one estrous cycle.

The article studies the biological features of the pathogen powdery mildew of fruit trees in the conditions of the Turkestan region, the spread and development of the disease. Fungicides were used against the disease, and data on their biological effectiveness were given. A route inspection of apple orchards located in Temirlan, Kazygurt, and Keless districts of the main fruit zones of the Turkestan region was carried out. Verification works were carried out according to generally accepted methods in phytopathology and plant protection during the period of commercial fruit ripening. The examination 2 hectare Apple orchard at the farm "Abai" Keles district, the Prevalence machinists dew on the leaves of the tree made up 60.8% and level-38,0%. In apple fruits, the prevalence was 44.2%, and the dynamics of development was 25.6%. In the farm «Erimbetova» Kazygurt district on the survey results, 3 ha Apple orchard Prevalence of powdery mildew on the leaves amounted to 63.4%, and level-of 42.1%. The prevalence of powdery mildew in fruits was 58.8%, and the dynamics of development-26.2%. In the farms of the Temirlan, Kazygurt, and Keless districts of the Turkestan region, during the growing season, apple trees were sprayed against powdery mildew with 3 - fold fungicides Topaz 100, K.E., yield 0.4 l per hectare (standard), bayleton, 25% S.P. yield 0.2 kg per hectare; triafol, 25% S.P. yield 0.15 l per hectare: the first - when the flower node begins to turn red; the second - after flowering; the third-10-15 days after the second processing is used. The most effective fungicide against powdery mildew of apple trees was Triafol, 25% C. to 0.15 l/ha. The biological efficiency was 97.8%, and the standard, Topaz 100 K.e 65.3%. Hence, Trianol, 25% C. K fungicide, has shown very high effectiveness in the fight against the whiteness of apples.

The article provides a preliminary screening of Asian locust larvae aged 2-3 years for the virulence of 25 isolates isolated from insects belonging to different systematic groups of fungi Beauveria bassiana. Five of the 25 strains showed high biological activity against larvae, (BCo1-14, BSc1-15, BSc2-15, BTr1-16, BPit-16) reaching a mortality rate of 90-100% 21 days after inoculation. The strains that have the best effect on the level and rate of mortality of the host organism are - BCo1-14, BSc1-15, BSc2-15, BTr1-16, BPit-16. The greatest biological activity was observed in the BSc1-15 strain, as the mortality rate of test organisms was only 100% within 15 days of exposure. The lowest activity was shown by the BCi₄-14 strain in the range of 35.0-62.5%. At the same time, the mortality rate of Asian locust larvae in the control variant (without treatment) for 21 days was 15.0±2.88%. Thus, the proportion of highly toxic forms (80-100% lethality) in the total number of studied strains was not more than 44%, and the proportion of mildly toxic forms (less than 80% activity) was 56%.

This article shows the relationship between the content of photosynthetic pigments of spring barley varieties in the conditions of the dry-steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan, including changes in the content of chlorophyll a( Chla), chlorophyll b (Chlb) and carotenoids during tillering, output into the tube and earing, and the yield level over the years of research. It is proved that according to the genotypes of spring barley, the high content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves (With Chl a-0.42, C car-0.083) during the earing of plants has a positive correlation between yield, which is confirmed by images of linear dependence.
The picture of the level of correlation, determined by the results of mathematical analysis, is also confirmed by images of linear dependence. Along with the low content of chlorophyll b (Chlb), it is obvious that the yield of barley varieties is far from the dependence line, while the amount of chlorophyll a (Chla) and carotenoids is close to the dependence line of the productivity of crop varieties. Productivity is directly related to the nature of photosynthetic processes occurring at the stages of plant growth and development. In turn, the course of photosynthetic processes directly depends on the amount of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of plants.
It is proved that according to the genotypes of spring barley, the high content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves (With Chl a-0.42, C car-0.083) during the earing of plants has a positive correlation between yield, which is confirmed by images of linear dependence.
A close relationship is shown between the yield level of barley culture and the amount of chlorophyll a (Chla) in plant leaves (r-0.680438), according to the complex of pigments, it is recommended to use Astana 2000, Sabir, Monolith varieties as a donor in practical breeding to increase grain yield.

In terms of production volume, nutritional value and consumption level, potatoes in Kazakhstan are among the priority crops. The area of potatoes in the republic reached 210 thousand hectares, the gross harvest exceeded 4 million tons. However, average yields are still low (18-19 t / ha). In increasing the productivity of potatoes, the selection of highly productive varieties is of great importance. The agro-climatic potential of the regions of Kazakhstan favors the cultivation of a wide variety of potato varieties. In this case, it is necessary to use potato varieties approved for use for a particular region. More than 120 varieties of potatoes are included in the "State Register of Breeding Achievements Admitted for Use in the Republic of Kazakhstan", of which about 55% are of foreign breeding. For the southeast of Kazakhstan, about 30 foreign varieties have been approved for use. However, most of them do not possess a set of economically useful properties. In this aspect, it is necessary to create varieties that differ in many valuable traits. For potato farms, along with productivity, quality indicators and preservation during storage, resistance to harmful diseases and stress factors of the external environment are also of great importance. Therefore, studies on the study of adaptive properties and the assessment of economically valuable traits of new potato varieties are highly relevant, which led to this work. In the conditions of the foothill zone of the southeast of Kazakhstan, at the scientific station of the laboratory of selection, seed production and biotechnology of potatoes of the Regional branch "Kainar"LLP "Kazakh Research Institute of Fruit and Vegetable Growing" a variety study of potatoes was carried out. In 2018-2020, 39 varieties of potatoes of foreign selection and 14 somaclones obtained by the method of cell selection from foreign varieties Aladdin and Nevsky were tested. 

Currently, there is a wide spread of mainly fungal diseases on sugar beet plantations. This complex of diseases causes significant damage to beet cultivation, worsens the quality and ease of storage of products, and the average consumption of sugar beet crops from harmful organisms is 24%, of which 16% is caused by pests and diseases that harm plants. In order to protect seedlings from harmful organisms and increase the germination of sugar beet seeds, based on experiments conducted in laboratory conditions and their analyses, proposals have been developed to create a biological product to increase the shelf life of sugar beet seed material, in particular, the issue of developing a protective biological product for improving sugar beet seeds, directed against dominant fungal diseases, taking into account the phytosanitary situation in Kazakhstan.
In the south-eastern regions of the Almaty region, the state of seed material and soil was studied taking into account geographical, territorial, climatic and other influencing factors, as well as microorganisms that can harm the crop were identified, and the most favorable effective approaches were proposed to increase the sugar beet seed sugar content and germination, and the state of seed material and soil was studied with the results obtained. The use of biological products in order to increase the storage time of sugar beet seed material and reduce harmful pests and diseases.

The article deals with the evaluation of the effectiveness of crops, comparing the possibility of growth and the formation of yield with other technologies.
One of the reserves for the diversification of crop production in the southern and south-eastern regions is the possibility of cultivating legumes, oilseeds and forage crops. The correct choice of crops and varieties and the uniform sowing of these crops at the right time guarantee a full harvest for intermediate and fire crops. The production of additional products of legumes, oilseeds and forage crops without increasing the acreage due to the second harvest can become an important source of creating a sustainable feed base, obtaining biofuels-priority areas for the development of agriculture in the country.
As a result of research, it is proved that winter wheat is the most suitable as the main crop, providing a yield of 1 ha to 100 or more quintals. The optimal rate of sowing seeds as the first main crop in the cultivation of winter wheat and barley is 4 million germinating seeds per 1 ha. to obtain friendly and full shoots of rapeseed, mustard, oilseed flax and buckwheat, it is effective to sow seeds on unprocessed straw. In the foothill zone of the Trans-Ili Alatau, mustard and rapeseed are the most suitable for sowing, in the foothill zone of the Kyrgyz Alatau-mustard, peas and millet for obtaining an additional crop of green mass. The most suitable crops for obtaining a commercial product of the generative part during sowing are oilseed flax, buckwheat and mustard.

The article examines the degraded pastures of light chestnut soils of the dry steppe of Kazakhstan and gives their detailed assessment. Physical (soil), biological (plant) indicators and geoinformation monitoring of dry steppe pastures based on satellite data of medium and low resolution are presented. Based on the results of GIS technologies and field studies, a cartographic model of the degree of degradation of dry steppe pastures is presented. The article also indicates the possibilities of scientifically based and developed measures for the practical solution of the most difficult problems of conservation and rational use of natural fodder resources of pasture territories, which will contribute to the strengthening and expansion of agricultural production in general. The introduction of the research results into production is an irreplaceable basis for the effective use of pastures, their restoration and improvement in the development of animal husbandry in the country. On the basis of ground-based surveys and satellite data of medium and low resolution, maps-schemes of pasture degradation were constructed with their breakdown into contours according to the degree of degradation. The analysis of the vegetation index NDVI was carried out for each polygon in the section of degradation contours. Maps of the degree of degradation of pastures in the semidesert and dry steppe zones of Kazakhstan M 1: 1,000,000 have been built, which are the basis for creating a digital map of pasture degradation M 1: 1,000,000 according to the calendar plan for 2020.

The conditions for the formation of soda-saline semi-hydromorphic solonets soils of the Ile depression and the possibility of the appearance of soda in the profile only with a combination of factors of soil formation, the chemical composition of soils, grounds and groundwater are considered.It was found that due to tectonic processes unfolding in the middle part of the Ile depression, desalinization of the upper stratum of carbonate sulfate solonchaks, formed during the effluent water regime, occurred. With the further course of this process, slow and prolonged filtration by a descending current of solutions containing sodium sulfate through carbonate horizons led to the formation and accumulation of soda, transforming the sulfate meadow solonchak into solonchakous solonetzic meadow serozem soils, and with prolonged course of the above processes into soda semi-hydromorphic solonetz.
It is well known that the reclamation of any saline soils, along with the composition and properties, also require the study of their genesis. Therefore, it is impossible to determine and regulate the level of soil fertility without knowing the specifics of their origin. Since the foci of soda-saline soils are located at a distance from each other, therefore, they require determining the mutual influence of combinations of factors that cause the formation of soda in them. Its formation in soils, soils and groundwater should be considered individually and comprehensively in each case, using natural-historical and comparative-geographical methods, based on the triad "soil-forming factors-elementary soil-forming processes-soil properties". Determining the origin of soda-saline soils in nature requires studying the histories and existing theories of the formation of soda in soils. The analysis of the latter and the determination of conditions similar to ours will allow us to further determine the most correct ways of reclamation of soda-saline soils.

In East Kazakhstan, due to climate change and the progress of agriculture, there is a need to create and introduce varieties of spring bread wheat of intensive type. For the first time in the research area, the authors began the creation, selection and comparative study of breeding culture lines differentiated by morphotypes: semi-dwarfs (plant height 66...80 cm), medium-sized (81...95) and tall (from 96 cm). In 2020, in the SN-2 nursery, these three groups of lines were studied by yield, its components (15 simple and 16 index ones) and by the nature of correlations between the signs of the crop structure and the productivity of the plot. The purpose was to determine the features of the crop structure and the correlations of its elements with the yield in each group, as well as a preliminary assessment of the morphotypes for compliance with the chosen strategy to intensification.
The analysis of the crop structure revealed that the characteristics associated with linear size and biomass increase from semi-dwarf to high lines; the number of sterile spikelets and indices (relative productivity and grain number), on the contrary, decrease; the mass of 1000 grains is approximately the same, and the group of medium-sized lines has an advantage in a number of parameters of individual productivity.
Correlation analysis showed that in semi-dwarfs, the yield was associated with the number of plants and the densification of the ear; weak correlations were noted with the height of the plant and the weight of 1000 grains. The prospects of this group in the research area are recognized as controversial, and the need for further study is suggested. The tall lines showed extensive patterns: the height of the plant was associated with the yield and weakly –biomass, the number of spikelets, overall vitality (a negative relationship with the filling index).

The article considered issues of the need for Land Resources Management in the current socio-economic conditions, which require a wide application of the principles of formation and organization of research and design business, as well as the creation of a single information field in the field of Land Management. The analysis of the development of modern Land Management in the Republic of Kazakhstan was carried out, which is determined by the methods and tools of research that are currently being improved, especially in connection with the use of a systematic approach, the development of mathematical cartography, computer equipment and computer technologies. The system of Progressive Field Research in the land management system on the use of digital technologies is given as the basis for the integration of various disciplines from different fields of knowledge for complex system research.
The article also analyzes the main factors hindering the development of the country's communicative policy in the field of land management, as well as briefly assesses the state of the formation of Digital Culture in Kazakhstan. The role of modern land resources in the implementation of the tasks of effective land management, the role of information technologies in the field of Land Management and their importance in the implementation of the tasks of effective land management and the provision of land management services were demonstrated.
In addition, the main advantages of creating a unified system of control and monitoring of land operations, using an electronic management system to control document flow in order to improve the efficiency of providing services to applicants and reduce bureaucratic costs in the field of state and local government were noted. The possibilities of modern departmental information systems in solving issues of Geoinformation support of the agro-industrial complex were considered. 

Forestry development in Kazakhstan is negatively affected not only by negative anthropogenic factors (fires, windfalls, etc.), but also by some changing natural biological conditions, for example, epiphytotic diseases or outbreaks of mass reproduction of dangerous and quarantine forest pests, the invasion of which threatens the complete degradation of forests. In this regard, research on lepatopathological monitoring and forest protection measures necessitates their implementation at a high scientific and methodological level. Especially in the protection of rare and endangered species as Betula Jarmolenkoana Golosk.
The purpose of the work is to assess the current forest pathological state of Schrenk spruce and Yarmolenko birch plantations at public state organization «Narynkol forestry» of the Almaty region.
The article presents the results of forest pathological examination of forest plantations in the territory of the MGA «Narynkol forestry». To conduct the surveys, monitoring areas were laid down and cards were compiled for each area with a complete description of the state of the trees, taking into account age, morphological indicators, population with dominant pests, and tree species; diameter, height, age of the tree, sanitary condition, the main types of pests and diseases.

The article describes the methods of accounting, field accounting, recording accounting information, the procedure for calculating the number of golden eagles living in the state national nature park «Sharyn». The data on the identified golden eagles and the comparative indicator of golden eagles for the period 2011-2020 are presented. It was found that the dynamics of the number of golden eagles in the state national natural park «Sharyn» is stable.

The results of production largely depend on the state and level of development of machinery, the yield of agricultural products and production efficiency determines the level of technical equipment of the industry, the technical condition of the machine-tractor fleet, its wear, the degree of loading, and other parameters. Technical potential is a set of technical resources, the strategic goal of the development and use of which is the rise of agriculture. Acting as a material factor of the production process, it is an active element of the impact on the final results of agricultural producers. In assessing the technical potential of agriculture a comprehensive approach should be applied in the study of quantitative and qualitative characteristics, which will allow to objectively assess its condition and outline the main ways of recovery. In modern conditions there is a qualitative change in the equipment supplied to farms, in which productivity has significantly increased and information technology, complex electronic and hydraulic systems are used. This requires from engineering and technical system of agro-industrial complex reliable realization of all operational qualities of machinery, with the expansion of application of zero and minimum technologies of grain crops increased demand for seeding complexes. Changes in production technology, changing specialization and concentration of production in developing rural farms, the quantitative and qualitative state of equipment with agricultural equipment are factors that determine the demand for modern equipment and means of mechanization of agriculture.