No. 1 (105) (2025): Research, results

The Kazakhhorsebreedis an ethnic group of herdhorses of Kazakhstan,they are perfectlyadaptedto year-roundherdandbreeding,have a fairlyhighmeatanddairyproductivity.Theyrepresent a highly valuablebreedingmaterialforbreeding highly productivelines,typesandbreeds by the method of inbreedbreeding.Kazakhmaresarehigh-milk animals, their milk production perdayis10.5-11.5liters,andfor105days of lactation1150-1190liters. Themilk of marescontains1.80-1.90%fat,2.05-2.10% proteinand6.0-6.5%sugar.Stallionsafterautumnfeedingat the age of 2.5yearshave a liveweight of 350-360kg, a carcassweight of 188-197kg. Morphologically, thecarcass of coltscontains80-81%flesh,19-20%bones, and 4.0and4.5 kg of pulpper1kg. The production of koumissandhorsemeatis highly profitable.Profitabilityis24-25%ofkoumissproduction,and57-58%ofmeatproduction.

The article presents the results of studies of the physical and mechanical properties of the wool of meat-fat sheep obtained within the framework of program-targeted financing on the topic IRN BR21882201 "Improving meat productivity of fat-tailed sheep using new methods of selection, genetics and biotechnology".

According to the results of the study with the OFDA 2000 wool analyzer, the average fineness of wool of Kazakh fat-tailed coarse-wool rams corresponded to 23.8±0.04; 25.6±0.03 and 35.6±0.13 micrometers. The average wool fineness of Kazakh fat-tailed coarse-wool breed ewes in the group was 22.5±0.04; 23.9±0.00; 25.6±0.00 and 27.0±0.14 micrometers. The comfort factor parameters in the wool of Kazakh fat-tailed coarse-wool rams corresponded to 86.8; 79.1 and 50.2 percent. The corresponding figures for ewes were 74.8; 77.4; 85.9 and 90.2%. Rams have a more uneven wool than ewes.

The average wool length of Kazakh fat-tailed coarse-wool sheep in the group was 83.3 millimeters. Some samples of ram wool reached a length of up to 130 mm. The average wool length was longer in ewes and amounted to 96.9 millimetres.

The average wool fineness of the Dorper rams used in the experiment was the thinnest (21.6 µm) and shortest (31.7 mm).

Australian white stud rams showed thick (27.7 microns) and short (47.5 mm) wool. The content of thickened fibers was 33.4-19.3%.

Due to the global negative attitude towards the use of antibiotics as growth stimulators in animal and poultry feeding, research is being conducted to create an alternative to antibiotics - new types of (natural) antimicrobial drugs or growth stimulators, especially those based on natural methods. "Viusid Vet" is one of the alternative antibiotics. Viusid-Vet feed supplement is an effective immunomodulator, antioxidant, hepatoprotector, antiviral agent and antistress. Composition: molecularly activated amino acids, vitamins and trace elements, glycyrrhizic acid. Glycyrrhizic acid - inhibits and interrupts the replication of various types of viruses containing DNA and RNA, without affecting the activity and replication of host cells. It has high antioxidant activity, stimulating the restoration of glutathione. It has an antiviral, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effect. Induces the synthesis of endogenous interferons. Stimulates the synthesis of adrenal cortex hormones, has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. Malic acid is an antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals. 

In Kazakhstan, sheep farming is the leading branch of agriculture. This is due to the unique natural, economic and climatic conditions associated with the nature of the terrain, as well as centuries-old traditions. Since ancient times, almost everywhere in Kazakhstan, sheep farming was based on the use of vast pasture lands. Edilbaevskaya sheep bred in the herd of the Yerzhan farm are characterized by high meat and fat productivity, early maturity and good adaptability to the natural, climatic and forage conditions of the southeast of Kazakhstan. The average weight of rams in the breeding group is 105-110 kg, wool yield is 3.2-3.5 kg, ewes, respectively, 73-76 and 2.2-2.4 kg. The average daily weight gain of rams from birth to weaning is 290-296 g, and 260-270 grams for ewes. Live weight and wool class are important selection traits for selection and selection for Edilbaev sheep of the Yerzhan farm when improving the productive and breeding qualities of sheep in the flock. It has been established that when selecting by live weight, it is recommended to sell rams for meat in two periods, taking into account market demand, at the age of 7-8 and 18 months.

The article indicates that for the first time comprehensive studies are being conducted on the rational use of distant pastures and increasing the productivity of natural grasslands by rational grazing of farm animals in a specific project area, as well as the main feeds of the southeast of Kazakhstan containing different amounts of protein fractions that are split and not split in the rumen. Are most intensively split in the rumen of sheep. Proteins of semi-desert pastures, alfalfa hay meal, soybean grains are broken down within 60-65%, proteins of hay, straw, corn grains, soybean meal, corn on the cob within 31.8-55.3%.

Vegetable feeds, including coarse ones, contain a lot of hard-to-digest fiber. Due to the absence of digestive glands in the rumen, the digestion of dry matter occurs without the participation of digestive enzymes. The breakdown of fiber and other feed substances is facilitated by enzymes secreted by microorganisms contained in the pancreas. Protozoa and bacteria develop mainly in the scar. The rumen, the largest chamber of the complex stomach of ruminants, uses 70-85% of the digested dry matter of the diet, which emphasizes its importance. The scar can be considered as a large fermentation chamber providing a suitable environment for the continuous development of a population of microorganisms. The creation of normal conditions in the rumen for the optimal course of microbiological processes plays an important role.

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is a culture well adapted to the environmental conditions prevailing in the Mediterranean basin. However, the growing international demand for olive oil and table olives over the past two decades has led to the expansion of olive cultivation in some countries of the northern hemisphere. The article presents the results of experiments on the effect of various types of organomineral fertilizers on olive growth. Research works on the study of varieties of Spanish "Arbequina" and Italian "Frantoio", "Leccino" olives were laid at the experimental site of Olives LLP (Akbulak railway station Ordabasinsky district of Turkestan region). The experiment was laid in a greenhouse using the method of randomized blocks with three different densities and different types of fertilizers. It was found that the use of vermicompost in 2021 exceeded the control variant in the Arbequina variety by 9.2 (VN1); 8.8 (VN2) and 8.3 (VN3) cm, in the Frantoio variety by 10.1 (VN1); 9.8 (VN2) and 8.7 (VN3) cm, in the Leccino variety by 10.1 (H1); 9.7 (H2) and 9.4 (H3) cm; the use of calcium humate and potassium humate contributed to an excess over control, respectively, in the Arbequina variety by 6.6 (CH1); 6.2 (CH2); 5.9 (CH3) and 5.6 (PH1); 5.4 (PH2) and 5.0 (PH3) cm, in the variety "Frantoio" by 7.4 (CH1); 7.1 (CH2); 6.5 (CH3) and 6.3 (PH1); 5.6 (PH2) and 5.2 (PH3) cm, in the variety "Leccino" by 7.7 (CH1); 6.6 (CH2); 6.2 (CH3) and 6.9 (PH1); 6.4 (PH2) and 6.1 (PH3) cm; the use of nitroammophoski also contributed to the excess over control in the Arbequina variety by 7.5 (NA1); 7.1 (NA2) and 6.4 (NA3) cm, in the Frantoio variety by 8.9 (NA1); 8.5 (NA2) and 8.3 (NA3) cm, in the variety "Leccino" by 8.3 (NA1); 7.8 (NA2) and 7.3 (NA3) cm.

Unprocessed waste from agriculture sector, especially animal husbandry, causes of environmental problems. Therefore, efficient use of animal husbandry waste is relevant. In the scientific work, the main substrate is cow manure and its qualitative properties were analyzed. Experiments were carried out to study vermicompost (biohumus). The experiment used cow dung and organic waste (food waste and leaf litter). Cow dung is very rich in macro and micro elements. Accordingly, after the process of vermicomposting in biohumus, a balanced content of elements was determined (N, P, K, Mg, Ni, Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr and etc.). Earthworms absorb unnecessary toxic substances and pathogenic microflora and produce coprolites with useful elements. In the article, for the determination of analyzes, the ultraviolet spectrometric method and optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma were used. The aim of the work is - to investigate the theoretical and applied aspects of the rational use of the bioresource of technological Californian red earthworms and the potential of the microbial community of organic waste for the development of scientific foundations of vermicomposting and reproduction of soil the fertility.

The study was conducted in 2022 and 2023 at the experimental sites of the Saimasai agropark and KazNIIZiR LLP in the Almaty region.

To study and determine the initial breeding material in 267 varietal samples, a collection of cereals and legumes was created, including: 79 samples of peas.

An effective strategy for controlling plant diseases requires careful study of pathogens, including their biology, ecology and variability. Legume diseases significantly reduce yields and, consequently, farmers' incomes. Fungal plant pathogens have been reported to cause significant losses of legumes worldwide. The most common fungal pathogens of legumes are: common root rot (Aphanomyces euteiches), root rot (Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani), fusarium (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi және Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella), ascochytosis (Ascochyta pisi).

The spectrum and degree of spread and development of diseases occurring in the south-east of Kazakhstan have been determined, due to which ascochitosis, fusarium and root rot are the most common diseases of leguminous crops.

Resistance to a complex of diseases of grain and legume varieties was assessed, 79 pea specimens were found on a natural background in 2022. By the end of 2023, the number of samples increased even more, reaching 79 samples of pea samples. Artificial inoculation with spores of the pathogens of the above diseases was also performed and the resistance of pea varieties to them was evaluated. A number of highly resistant varieties were identified from 25 pea samples for subsequent breeding programs studied against an artificial infectious background, and a collection of highly resistant legume varieties was compiled.

The article presents the results of a study on the enzymatic activity of microorganisms of the genera Microbacterium, Brevundimonas, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, and Bacillus, isolated from low-grade brown coal from the Kumiskuduk and Kuznetsk coal mines. These mines are located in the Bukhar-Zhyrau district of the Karaganda region, approximately 35 kilometers east of the city of Karaganda.

To study the enzymatic activity, 10 salt-tolerant strains were selected from the strains isolated on a selective medium with varying concentrations of NaCl. Most of the studied strains isolated from brown coal were capable of synthesizing cellulase, catalase, and pectinase. All salt-tolerant strains, except for strain Microbacterium ginsengiterrae  №5, showed high cellulase activity on Hutchinson's medium. All studied strains were capable of producing pectinase, which is important for the decomposition of plant residues in the soil. High catalase activity was observed in strains Microbacterium ginsengiterrae  №4, Microbacterium ginsengiterrae №5, Brevundimonas vesicularis №11, Brevundimonas nasdae №12, Brevundimonas vesicularis  №19, Pseudomonas mandelii  №25, Streptomyces parvus  №26, Streptomyces parvus №27, and Brevundimonas vesicularis №28. It was found that strains Streptomyces parvus  №27 and Brevundimonas vesicularis  №28 had moderate catalase activity, while strain Bacillus firmus №2 did not exhibit this enzyme.

The obtained results highlight that all the listed characteristics of salt-tolerant microorganisms make them promising for the creation of microbiological biological products necessary for increasing the productivity of agricultural crops on saline soils. They also have ecological significance in biotechnological processes aimed at the bioremediation of saline soils and the processing of organic residues and coal waste.

An important factor in the production of hybrid seeds is the maximum use of the field area under the testicles of the MS component. But without enough pollinator plants, the pollination and fertilization processes will not be successful. As the ratio of components increases and the bands occupied by the MS form expand, the percentage of usable area increases. However, the MS component band cannot be too wide, as this makes it difficult for normal over-pollination, while reducing the number of hybrid seeds that have set up, and therefore reducing the effect of heterosis in factory crops.

 The main purpose of our research was to develop and scientifically substantiate the basic schemes of component placement and optimal seed production techniques aimed at increasing productivity and improving the quality of seed material.

Based on small-scale field experiments with the Bolashak hybrid, the article examines the effect of component placement schemes and optimal seed production techniques on increasing productivity and improving the quality of seed material in the conditions of the Almaty region. The analysis of phenological observations carried out on the testes of a hybrid with a separate method of cultivation indicates that the synchronicity of the phases of development of the components is significantly influenced by the components themselves, their biological characteristics, as well as meteorological conditions during the growing season. Based on the analysis, the most preferred methods of growing seeds have been identified: the cultivation of testes separately by components at a ratio of 16:4 and 6:2.

The effect of a biological product used for plant growth and development on sugar beet crops in southeastern Kazakhstan has been studied.

The germination rate and germination energy of the hybrid varieties "Constant", "Aksu", "Ruslan", "Vesta" and "Aisholpan" were determined in laboratory conditions. As a result, the hybrid "Constant" (31±2.0% and 91±3.0%) showed high germination rates.

The lowest rates were shown by diseases of cercosporosis and root rot. In the variant of the 2nd treatment of the field, "Guapsin plus" 3 l/ha+3 l/ha + "Trichophyte plus" 3 l/ha+3 l / ha, "Constant" - 19.4% and "Aisholpan" – 19.2%. With the 2nd repeated treatment of crops with "Guapsin plus" 3 l/ha+3 l/ha and "Trichophyte plus" 3 l/ha+3 l/ha with individual use of this biological product amounted to 20.8-20.2% and 24.2-20.1%, respectively.

The sugar content showed an increase in the average sugar content by "Constant" -19.5% with 2-fold treatment with "Guapsin plus" preparations 3 l/ha+3 l/ha + "Trichophyte plus" 3 l/ha+3 l/ha, in the hybrid "Aisholpan" - by 18.4%. That is, compared with the control of biological products, 1.9 and 0.9% more were detected, respectively.

The biopreparation helped to increase the yield and sugar content of root crops, improve the biomass of sugar beet plants, increase the area of the leaf plate, accelerate the passage of plant growth and development stages, and reduce root rot and cercosporosis lesions. Rapid seed germination, accelerated ripening, and plant protection from frost and other adverse conditions have been established.

To prevent rotting after harvesting and improve the safety and quality of fruits, biofungicide-protected technologies with antagonistic yeasts are being developed that are alternative to synthetic fungicides. The aim of the work was to find the most effective strain of Metschnikowia pulcherrima as a biological control agent for the prevention of post-harvest diseases of fruit and vegetable crops caused by mold. The study investigated 8 strains of antagonistic yeast Metschnikowia pulcherrima isolated from the episphere of apples and pears from horticultural farms in southern Kazakhstan.

In vitro antagonistic activities to the mold fungi Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus niger and Botrytis Cinerea on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and on wounds artificially applied to fragments of apple fruits were measured in the target strains, as well as biofilm formation activity was measured. The M. pulcherrima MP3 strain showed high antagonistic activity and the effectiveness of biological control on artificial wounds of apples, as well as a relatively high activity of biofilm formation. The results of this study clearly showed that the M. pulcherrima MP3 strain is a very effective biological control agent that can be used to prevent post-harvest diseases caused by mold. This strain of M. pulcherrima MP3 can be developed as a commercial product for post-harvest protection of fruits and vegetables from fungal pathogens.

This article presents information and results on the creation of geodetic support systems for organizing geodetic monitoring of the intercity bridge at the intersection of Momyshuly Street and Raiymbek Avenue in Almaty.

Monitoring and analysis of structural deformations of general purpose highway bridges using precise geodetic methods plays an important role in ensuring the safety and durability of bridge structures. This process continuously monitors changes in bridge geometry and, by analyzing this data, assesses the condition of the structure and provides an account of its future condition.

According to the information, premature aging and deformation of bridges are defined as structural damage caused by environmental and non-environmental factors. For example, erosion, earthquakes, floods, loading conditions and poor quality building materials, meaning they may not have been taken into account during the design and construction stages. For this reason, geodetic surveys were carried out on the specified road bridge, the results of which are presented in the article.

In addition, the problem of using satellite positioning technologies to create geodetic support systems is considered, as well as modern instruments and technologies used to determine the quantitative characteristics of bridge deformations using classical methods of geodetic observations.

Soil moisture in southeastern Kazakhstan is unstable, so soil moisture is one of the factors that have a direct impact on grain development. In this regard, along with irrigation technology, it is necessary to determine the importance of any utilisation of moisture, taking into account the forces affecting soil moisture accumulation, which consist in the efficient use of precipitation and melt water, as well as other types of moisture. In our work, the duration of the growing season of soybean varieties was determined in order to assess their productivity in various irrigation conditions. Water demand occurs at different levels during the growing season. In the germination-flowering intervals, soybean does not have much need for moisture, and with the emergence of flowering beans, water shortages occur between seed maturation periods. Hence, it is important to study conventional and drip irrigation regimes of soybean varieties in the soil conditions of this region. In our study phenological control of the duration of the growing season of soybean varieties Zhansaya (st), Birlik, Ivushka, Almaty, Zhalpaksai, Eastern Beauty, Joy, Rosa, Vita, Danaya in traditional and drip irrigation conditions was carried out. As a result, the varieties Misula, Rusia, Zhalpaksai and Alua have phenological control later by 3-7 days on the variant of traditional irrigation, phenological control is longer by 2-3 days on the variant of drip irrigation. Compared with traditional irrigation of 200-300 m3/ha, with drip irrigation of 100-150 m3/ha, the productivity of varieties increased 1.2 times, and their seed germination increased by 78-92%. In addition, the varieties Misula, Rusia, Zhalpaksai and Alua can be used as source material for soybean breeding on the duration of the growing season under drip irrigation.

Currently, southeastern Kazakhstan is one of the main regions for growing soybeans. Recently, the area of soybean crops in this region has increased significantly. However, one of the negative factors influencing the formation of high soybean yields in dry years in the mountainous regions of the Almaty region with a sharply continental climate is the lack of natural humidity. Soybean crops are particularly sensitive to external conditions, and a lack of precipitation can lead to lower yields due to incomplete seed germination and germination energy in unfavorable years. In this regard, increasing the percentage of the germination energy of soybean seeds to increase their yield is one of the most difficult tasks. In our studies, the germination rate and germination energy of soybean seeds under irrigation and drought conditions were determined to compare soybean resistance to drought. As a result of determining the quality of seeds under sowing conditions, it was found that the varieties Zhalpaksai, Vita, Danaya and Almaty under irrigation have seed germination (77.0-80.0%) and germination energy (81.0-82.0%), and in drought conditions — seed germination (75.0-76.0%) and germination energy (78.0-79.0%). These soybean varieties can be used as a starting material for breeding for drought resistance in the conditions of southeastern Almaty.

Despite the lack of specific data on the amount of synthetic substances in the sewage of Almaty, general information on the pollution of sewage is insufficient. The purpose of this research is to draw attention to the importance of clean water for maintaining human health and ecosystem stability. In the course of the study, the pollution levels of tap water, rain water and the water of the Esentai River in the city were compared. Almaty and wise assessment of quality. The chemical composition of water was studied by determining the pH level and using mass spectrophotometry. As a result of the study, the pH level of tap water was 8, the pH level of rain water was 6, and the pH level of water from the Esentai River was 7. According to the results of the mass spectrophotometric method, the lead content in tap water was 50% lower than in rain water, and It was 90% higher in the water of the Esentai River than in the rain water. The zinc content of rainwater was 73.33% higher than that of tap water, and tap water was 42.84% higher than that of the Esentai River. It is important to control and monitor the amount of synthetic substances in the wastewater of Almaty. It is necessary to determine the quality of water and implement measures aimed at reducing pollution. The results of the research showed the need to improve the quality of water and the importance of monitoring its environmental safety.

Grain production is a key problem in the development of agriculture in Kazakhstan, the solution of which will provide the population with food, livestock with feed, and industry with raw materials. One of the central areas of solving this problem is increasing the yield and gross harvest of barley grain. Our research shows that a successful solution to this problem involves not only increasing the yield, but also significantly improving the quality of grain depending on the purpose of use. Almaty region is one of the largest grain producers in Kazakhstan. In 2020, the area under spring barley in the region was 231.8 thousand hectares. Studies have shown that its productivity does not correspond to the soil and climate potential of the region, and the yield remains extremely unstable over the years and relatively low. The main factor holding back the growth of spring barley yield and its stability is the weak introduction of new varieties into production, as well as violation of the requirements of varietal agricultural technology. In recent years, new varieties of spring barley with a complex of economically useful features and properties, as well as with a potential productivity of 6-7 t/ha, have been developed and zoned in the Almaty region. The research results show that the implementation of the potential biological capabilities of spring barley depends on the cultivation technology used. In our research work, further improvement of such elements as placement in crop rotation, formation of productive sowing based on optimal planting density and sowing dates are of particular importance in the technology of growing this crop. Research on varietal agricultural technology of new varieties of spring barley of Kazakhstan selection in the conditions of the Almaty region has not been conducted before. 

Agricultural areas located in the southeastern part of the country have a high potential for grain production due to sufficient moisture. However, due to insufficient study of agricultural practices, barley yields in this region remain unstable and do not fully meet modern requirements. The soil and climatic conditions of the Republic of Kazakhstan are favorable for the development of agriculture and livestock farming. The total area of ​​agricultural land is 16,785.2 thousand hectares, of which 13,208.7 thousand hectares are occupied by grain crops. Barley crops in the country occupy about 2 million hectares, with more than 10% being winter varieties and the rest being spring varieties. Due to its geographical location, Kazakhstan is distinguished by a variety of climatic and soil conditions. One of the most important scientific tasks is the selection of varieties and samples that meet the requirements for the intended use of barley grain, taking into account climatic conditions. In our country, the demand for raw materials for the production of compound feed and the brewing industry is growing every year. To meet this demand, the selection of barley varieties remains relevant, primarily for feed purposes and brewing. Experimental studies conducted in 2022-2023 were implemented within the framework of the state program "Kazakhstan program for personnel training, selection of barley varieties for cultivation for feed purposes on dry lands" (No. 0106РК00700). The main objective of the research is to select high-yielding and high-quality initial samples from barley breeding material. An analysis of the adaptation of breeding samples to local climatic conditions and their economic value in the Almaty region was conducted. The overall breeding ability and productivity indicators of the selected samples were assessed. The Saule variety was used as a control.

The article considers the issues of establishing the root causes of degradation processes on medium kastanozem soils of fallow pastures in the dry-steppe zone of the Kostanay region. It was found that the main reason for the sharp decline in the fertility of medium kastanozem soils that were previously used for arable land was soda-sulphate salinization of the arable and sub-arable horizons. Against the background of small annual and seasonal variability of climatic factors, the intensity of this process most likely depended on the frequency and intensity of deflationary and erosive processes and on the agrotechnical measures taken to improve the water, heat, air regimes and the structural state of the soil. Sulfate salinization covers the entire meter-thick layer of medium kastanozem soil with a gradual increase with depth. The results obtained are a theoretical basis for solving issues of rehabilitation of anthropogenically degraded medium kastanozem soils for their re-involvement in arable land. The conducted studies revealed several issues requiring further research, such as the genesis of soda, the nature and intensity of successional processes, crop yield forecasts and the modern development of fallow landscapes in general.

Scientific research aimed at studying the productivity and quality of seed peas (Pisum sativum L.) in the process of creating new varieties is being conducted at NPCKH named after A.I. Baraev LLP. During the research, biochemical parameters (protein and starch content), physical properties (weight of 1000 grains, filminess), as well as culinary characteristics (taste, color, uniformity, cooking time, digestibility coefficient and total score) of the grain were determined. The protein content in the studied genotypes ranged from 24.03% to 26.70%, starch — from 40.20% to 46.90%. The maximum values were set in the following grain lines: protein — 26.70% in the 1-09-5R7 line, starch — 46.90% - 54-08-6. A larger grain was found in genotypes 102-04-8 (252.1g) and 31-07-1 (223.0g). Lines 54-08-6 and 31-07-1 (811g/l) were characterized by high natural weight. The average coefficient of digestibility was 4.8 points, the color of boiled seeds was 4.6 points. Lines 1-09-5R7, 326-98 No. 2c24 and 93-04-2-2 received a culinary score of 4.8 points at the level of the Kasib standard variety. The analysis of these indicators allowed us to identify the source material for creating high-quality forms of peas. In this regard, scientific research is focused on studying the quality of seeds in order to breed new varieties that are optimally adapted for growing in industrial conditions.

The article describes scientific research conducted in the Eskeldinsky district of the Zhetysu region in 2022-2024 to study the species, bioecological features, harmfulness of quarantine weeds and improve comprehensive protection measures against them.

Scientific and practical significance of the work: damage to the quarantine weed with a «Cūscuta vulgaris» was revealed in the villages of Karabulak, Syrymbet, Karatal, Akyn Sara, Eskeldinsky district and at the Karatal state varietal testing site. And in the village of Kaynarly, quarantine weed such as «Acroptilon repens» was often found in the farm "Kydyrbayeva" and on the roadsides in the village of akyna Sara. Peasant farms have been given recommendations on combating the harmful effects of particularly dangerous quarantine weeds in the region and a set of measures to protect them.

The results of the study showed that in the early stages of weed development Biceps 22 k.e.-1-3 l/ha and Miura, k.e. – 0.4-1.2 l/ha allowed, according to the results of the 3rd accounting, to destroy annual parasitic weeds by 93.0 - 95.0%, biologically effective was high.  When applied to annual weeds, the Pilot of 1.5 - 6.0 l/ha was lower than 56.6-63.6% in the 2 nd calculation, and 82.7% biological efficiency was found in perennial weeds in the 2 nd calculation.

The biological efficiency of annual weeds increased by 46.3 - 49.5% according to the results of the 1st accounting for the use of drugs against weeds Dual gold 960, k. e. -1.5 l / ha and Tornado 540, k.e.-1.3 - 3.3 l/ha and the 3rd calculation 38.2-41.8 showed. When applied to annual weeds, Zenkor® Ultra, k.s. - 0.5 l/ha was 61.8% in the calculation, 67.1% for perennial weeds, with high biological efficiency.

In the Alakolsky, Aksu, Koksu, Kerbulaksky and Eskeldinsky districts of the Zhetysu region in 2022-2024, systematic accounting of Italian locusts is carried out for spring, spring-summer, summer, and autumn work to determine the annual dynamics of the local population of Italian locusts (Calliptamus italicus L.), prioritization of the number is determined.

  Calculation of the number of Italian locust larvae during the summer settlement period (spring-summer monitoring check). Research work is carried out in the designated areas from the beginning of hatching of larvae to the beginning of liquidation measures. Depending on the size of the territory to be considered, accounting areas have been identified covering the main habitats of the Italian locust, with a length of about 100-300 m.

  Depending on the density of locust larvae, we see that the productivity of the hay biotope in comparison with the control variant in the experiment decreases by 4.8% at 5 pcs/ m², 10 pcs / m² – 15.8%, 15 pcs / m² – 28.3%, i.e. it is proved that with the number of these locusts 10-15 pcs / m² they they cause economic damage to the biotope.

  When feeding locusts in laboratory conditions, 5% of Italian prus 4-8 plants were damaged./m2, Elytrigia repens, Setaria glaucal, Avena septentrionalis and Triticum aestivum, Hordeum spontaneum. And at 12-16 pcs/m2, the damage to these plants reached 75-100%. Also Kochig Roth. Scoparia, Poa bulbosa, Onobryhis viciafolia, Medicogo sariva and Melilitus albus are damaged by up to 5-25%. Convolvulus arvensis, Artemisia annua, Artemisia absinthium were not ill at all.

Kazakhstan is an agrarian state, and agriculture is one of the main sources of the economy. The country not only provides its own agricultural production with raw materials, but also has the opportunity to export products to neighboring countries. Therefore, improving the efficiency of agriculture is one of the urgent tasks. Soil salinization is a key factor affecting the productivity of agricultural crops and creating serious obstacles to sustainable land management in arid and semi-arid regions.

Regions of Kazakhstan, characterized by a variety of ecological landscapes, are exposed to soil salinization, which leads to a decrease in crop yields and deterioration of ecosystems.

The purpose of the study is to isolate, select and identify salt-tolerant strains of microorganisms characteristic of the rhizosphere of Amaranthaceae plants growing on saline soils of Northern Kazakhstan.

The article presents the results of microbiological analysis of microorganisms selected from the microflora of Amaranthaceae plants growing on saline soils of Shortandy and Tselinograd districts of Northern Kazakhstan. The cultural and morphological characteristics of the studied microorganisms are also described. Quantitative indicators and the composition of the microorganism complex were determined, pure cultures were isolated. It was found that the microflora of the studied Amaranthaceae plants is rich in microscopic fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes.

The isolated strains of microorganisms were inoculated on solid media with sodium chloride at concentration of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 7% and 10% and salt-restrain cultures were selected. As a result of the experiment, the following salt-restrain strains were identified: Sphingobacterium caeni 2P, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 25P, Halomonas meridiana 48P, Bacillus pumilus 54P, Paracoccus marcusii 58P, Sphingobacterium faecium 69P, Streptomyces europaeiscabiei 85P, Glutamicibacter halophytocola 98P, Bacillus megaterium 106P. In the future, the growth-stimulating and fungicidal properties of salt-restrain crops will be studied. 

The experience gained in the 1960s and 1990s in operating small hydroelectric power plants shows that hydraulic structures, primarily water intake structures, are the most vulnerable part of hydropower nodes.

One of the promising areas of development of hydropower potential is the use of water runoff from small mountain rivers, which, as a rule, are located in the locations of electricity consumers. These structures are designed without taking into account the significant intra-daily fluctuations in river flow, which are insufficiently studied.

Therefore, it is necessary to carry out work aimed at improving water intake facilities in winter. Within the framework of this article, studies have been conducted on various options for passing sludge: through the ridge of the double shutter of the washer, through the side and bottom openings of the automatic shutter at the upstream level, as well as through a special hole in the discharge threshold of the structure. The data obtained, calculations and design of an automated water intake facility for derivational hydroelectric power plants will be used in the implementation of the project for the construction of at least 20 small hydroelectric power plants on the mountain rivers of southern Kazakhstan.

The analysis of the shortcomings of the existing structures of water intake facilities made it possible to develop a new design of a water intake facility for derivational hydroelectric power plants, for which a patent of the Republic of Kazakhstan was obtained.

This article provides an assessment of the quality of surface waters of the Irtis River within the city of Ust-Kamenogorsk based on hydrochemical indicators. The dynamics of the main hydrochemical indicators (ionic composition, mineralization, hardness, biogenic substances, BOD, COD) for 2024, covering all seasons, is presented. The spatial and temporal characteristics of the distribution of hydrochemical indicators of surface waters of the Irtis River within the city of Ust-Kamenogorsk are established, which were determined by the level of anthropogenic load at each specific research point.

As a result of the conducted studies to assess the quality of surface waters of the Irtysh River within the city of Ust-Kamenogorsk, it was established:

- by the value of the hydrogen index, slightly alkaline, low-mineralized, hydrocarbonate class, calcium group. The total salinity during high water is 113-211 mg/dm³, in summer and autumn it is 136-173 mg/dm³, in winter it is 148-156 mg/dm³. The water hardness ranges from 1.20 - 2.64 mg·eq/l, which makes it possible to classify the surface waters of the Yertis River as "soft";

- the concentration of biogenic substances, except for iron, corresponds to the standard indicators and does not exceed the maximum permissible values ​​for water bodies for fishery purposes. In addition, the regulatory value of fisheries for iron (0.1 mg/ dm³) was slightly exceeded;

- the total content of heavy metals, in particular zinc and manganese, slightly exceeds the maximum values ​​​​for fishery water bodies (0.01 mg/dm³).

This article presents the results of laboratory studies on the use of biologics "Baikal EM-1" and "Biotylizer". Biologics were used to intensify the processes of dehydration and eliminate the unpleasant odor of urban sewage sludge from the Left-bank aeration station in Ust-Kamenogorsk.

The research is relevant because wastewater treatment plants are located within the city and a large amount of precipitation is a source of an unpleasant odor that spreads to the residential area of the city. This problem is very relevant for most wastewater treatment plants in Kazakhstan.

The object of the study is the crude sediment from primary settling tanks. Laboratory tests were carried out on the basis of the NJSC "D.Serikbaev EKTU".

During laboratory studies, the process of separation of liquid from the solid phase of the sediment was monitored, and the volume of sediment in the upper part of the cylinder (ml) and water in the lower part (ml) was visually measured using a scale of measuring cylinders. Measurements were carried out on 1,2,3,7,8,9,10 days.

The degree of odor severity of the sediment samples studied was determined organoleptically.

The results of laboratory studies have shown the effectiveness of the use of biologics. The biologic "Biotylizer" showed the greatest effectiveness in the amount of 10 liters for every 100 cubic meters of sludge, while the moisture content of the sludge decreased to 65% on the 8th day and the release of unpleasant odors into the atmosphere significantly decreased. The use of the drug will increase the service life of the sludge cards.

In this article, in order to review the current state of various trees and shrubs growing in the «Zhastar» Park in the city of Taldykorgan, located in the southeast of the country, descriptions and recommendations related to the problems that have arisen are given.

The green spaces of Taldykorgan, especially in the «Zhastar» Culture and Recreation Park, play a decisive role in the city’s ecological balance, public welfare and urban aesthetics.

In recent years, «Zhastar» Park has become a center for public recreation, family gatherings and cultural events. However, like many urban green spaces, the park is deteriorating on all fronts due to increasing visitor numbers, environmental concerns and aging infrastructure. An updated version of the park was implemented in 2015, during which its infrastructure was updated, pedestrian paths, flower beds and small architectural elements were added. This park has become a joy not only for city residents, but also for guests from far and near rural areas. However, a person who saw the situation today would not say that.

The current state of «Zhastar» Park reflects both its popularity and limitations. Although it offers valuable green space, some of its facilities, walkways and landscaped areas may require upgrading to meet the needs of a growing urban population. Issues such as worn-out play equipment, insufficient seating, or aging trees can limit the park's functionality and appeal.

Land and land resources are the most important part of the natural environment, the spatial basis for the location of human and social economic activities. Land plots can be an economic, environmental and social asset of a region, that is, an important resource for its development. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the structural components of the region's land potential make it possible to analyze the dynamics of the regional economy, identify imbalances between individual elements of the potential, and identify priority areas of regional policy in the field of land use. With the right balance of different types of land use and compliance with the principle of rationality, the main condition for the sustainable development of the region will be fulfilled – the gradual transition of the economy to a qualitatively new state, taking into account current trends in society, this transition meets the needs of potential consumers.

The land and resource potential of human life is significant and invaluable. Its role is particularly active in agriculture, where land resources are both an object and a means of labor. At the same time, the earth performs various functions that mediate its connection with human life and the existence of society. In the process of studying the land-resource potential, the following main functions of the land-resource potential are distinguished:

- ecological — land resources are connected in this direction and are a product of nature, they exist independently of humans;

- social — the earth is both a place and a condition for human existence as a biological species;

- political — the land on which the territory of a particular state is located represents the "limit of state power";

- economic — land resources are the object of economic relations [1].

Wild boar (Sus scrofa) is an animal inhabiting all regions of Kazakhstan. The article presents the results of field studies conducted to identify biotopes associated with wild boar habitats in Karkarala State National Nature Park (SNNP). The purpose of the study was to investigate the distribution of wild boars in the habitat in forests and steppe valleys, as well as to determine the count, sex and age structure of the population. The forest areas of Karkarala SNPP were selected as the object of the study. In the course of field studies the distribution, number, sex and age structure of wild boar population was recorded by observing their feeding grounds. The main methods of counting and control were visual inspection of supplementary feeding sites located in forest and steppe areas of the park, as well as methods approved by the instruction on animal counting on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Studies have shown that wild boars are widely distributed in Karkarala SNPP. In forest-steppe lands the population growth was noted. It was revealed that wild boars influence forest areas by forming thickets in their habitats. The data were collected in the period from 2023 to 2024 within the framework of joint observations of forestry staff, game managers and park foresters.

This article presents scientific research on the irrigation of sweet sorghum using clean and wastewater in the sharply continental climate, water scarcity, and complex agroecological conditions of the Kazakhstan-Aral region.

Chronic water scarcity has become a pressing global issue. It is particularly crucial to increase the share of technical crops with low water consumption and improve irrigation methods in arid and semi-arid, desert and semi-desert areas such as the Kyzylorda region.

According to global forecasts of water resources, the flow of transboundary rivers may decrease by 40% by 2030. As a result of increasing pressure on water resources and the reduction of their sustainable reserves, a water deficit of 14 billion m³ is expected by 2030, and by 2050, the deficit may reach 20 billion m³ (70% of water resource demand).

Long-term studies confirm that water scarcity remains a critical issue in the Kazakhstan-Aral region, which is under the focus of the global community. For instance, while 28,701 million m³ of water flowed into the Shardara Reservoir annually in 1993-1994, this volume decreased to 9420 million m³ in 2021-2022, indicating a threefold reduction in the volume of vital water resources.

The scientific and practical value of our research is significant, as many scientists, predictive studies, and competent authorities have indicated that water scarcity in the Kazakhstan-Aral region will increase annually. To maximize the efficient use of water resources in agriculture, recent years have seen studies on effective technologies for utilizing groundwater, collector-drainage water, and, most recently, wastewater for irrigating agricultural crops. A review of scientific literature from both domestic and international researchers highlights that wastewater usage is the most effective method for achieving stable yields of technical crops under water-scarce conditions.

The irrigated agriculture system, which is fully based on large rice plantations, requires transformation in the Kyzylorda region. 

The purpose of the study is to carry out a cadastral assessment of agricultural land, taking into account the price indicators of soils. Soil assessment is an assessment of the quality of the soil for its fertility. Based on the results of this procedure, specialists develop recommendations for preserving the suitability of the soil for various types of farming. This methodology is new for Kazakhstan, since the cadastral assessment does not take into account the results of soil assessment, soil assessment data were taken into account only when taxing agricultural land. In the country, cadastral valuation of agricultural lands and their taxation are carried out separately, if these works are carried out jointly, this serves as significant budget savings. In the course of cadastral work, soil and geodetic surveys are carried out, as a result of which the unification of the results of land and soil assessment should be carried out using calculated constructive, analytical and statistical survey methods. The study examined the qualitative state of the lands of the Yenbekshikazakh district of the Almaty region, and considered recommendations for the methodology of cadastral assessment of lands, taking into account the qualitative state of soils (assessment of soil boniteness).

As a result of the study, it will be proposed to make the cadastral valuation and taxation system unique, which will be carried out consistently and systematically, which will save budget and population funds for these works, as well as rationally use agricultural land, thereby reducing the number of land violations. This proposal may be submitted to the production for the cadastral assessment of agricultural land.

Desertification exacerbates problems such as poverty, poor health, food insecurity, loss of biodiversity, water scarcity, climate change, and forced migration. Therefore, desertification is considered one of the most important problems leading the global socio–economic and environmental situation to crisis.

Land degradation and desertification currently pose the most global catastrophic problems in the context of climate change and uncontrolled anthropogenic activities. In recent decades, remote sensing methods have been widely used as tools for assessing spatial and temporal trends. Therefore, data from Landsat, Sentinel-2, MODIS, CBERS, and PlanetScope (Planet Labs) satellites are used to monitor the earth. In the article, when assessing the degradation and desertification of lands in the Atyrau region, the index of normalized vegetation difference (NDVI), changes in soil cover, the leaf zone index (LAI) and the extended vegetation index (EVI), precipitation and a set of vegetation data for the districts of Makhambet, Kurmangazy and Kyzylkoga were considered. Also, in these areas, using Google Earth Engine, Kurmangazy's indicators were demonstrated - 10.88% (NDVI -0.272), Makhambet - 6.06% (NDVI -0.067) and Kyzylkoga - 3.39% (NDVI -0.098) for the vegetation status of agricultural lands for the period 2010-2020.

The natural resource orientation of the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan without observing the principles of rational nature management has led to significant scales of withdrawal from agricultural, forestry, recreational use and disturbance of lands. In the areas of disturbance and adjacent lands, the quality of the environment and the ecological situation are deteriorating. Negative consequences accumulate and manifest themselves with each decade more and more destructively in environmental, economic, and social aspects. Soil pollution is an urgent task and has the status of not only republican, but also international significance. Soil pollution causes a chain reaction. It affects soil biodiversity, reduces the reserves of organic matter in the soil and its filtering capacity, leads to contamination of soil moisture and groundwater, and the balance of nutrients in the soil is disturbed.

Large-scale volumes of work on the extraction of primary raw materials have led to disturbance (of land), changes in the parameters and indicators of ecosystem elements, moreover, over large areas. This phenomenon has become most characteristic in the development of shallow resource deposits, as well as in the organization of landfills, waste storage facilities that occupy large areas and have a significant impact on ecosystem elements in the raw material extraction zone and in adjacent territories. Industrial lands include lands provided for the placement and operation of industrial facilities in the processing, oil and gas, mining and other industries. The country has accumulated about 31.6 billion tons of industrial waste. About 1 billion tons are generated annually. 

The article is devoted to the current problem of protection and rational use of agricultural lands based on agro-ecological zoning of the territory. The work examines an integrated approach to assessing land resources, taking into account natural-climatic, soil and anthropogenic factors. To determine the condition and suitability of lands, parameters were selected that take into account landscape, ecological and economic conditions. The authors analyzed existing methods for zoning territories and proposed an improved system of criteria for identifying agro-ecological zones. Particular attention is paid to the issues of preventing soil degradation and increasing the efficiency of land use. Based on the research, practical recommendations have been developed for organizing a system for protecting agricultural lands, taking into account their agro-ecological characteristics. The use of GIS technologies has made it possible to increase the accuracy in compiling cartographic materials and automate the process of identifying erosion-hazardous areas, which helps improve agro-ecological zoning. The application of the proposed integrated approach and an improved system of criteria makes it possible to optimize the use of agricultural lands and prevent their degradation. The results of the work can be used in the development of programs and schemes for the use and protection of land resources and land management, helping to increase fertility, determine yields, optimize crop rotations and plan agricultural activities.

Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim, also known as "Huajiao," is a plant native to China, prized for its fragrant flavor and various therapeutic properties. Nutrient insufficiency is a significant limitation to plant development, and fertilization is commonly used to overcome this challenge. However, the effects of fertilization vary depending on the amount of fertilizer applied, the years following treatment, and the nutritional condition of the forest site. In this study, the effects of different soil fertilization treatments—nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and a special compound fertilizer for pepper (HZ)—on the morphological parameters of Z. bungeanum were analyzed from March to August 2024. The results showed that plant height and weight significantly improved with fertilization, with low concentrations of fertilizer having the most positive effects on these growth parameters. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing fertilizer application to enhance the growth and development of Z. bungeanum. This research provides a foundation for further studies aimed at improving forest management and maximizing the potential of this valuable species.

Forests have a vital role in the fight against global warming because they are the largest terrestrial reservoir of carbon. They contain more than half of the Earth's carbon and are responsible for about 80% of the total exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. The most effective way to retain carbon in forest management is to preserve forests and reduce the amount of logging. And in this, the creation and preservation of forest protection zones is of no small importance. In regulating the global carbon sink, an important place is occupied by a competent forest policy of each state that has forest areas. In this regard, it is very important to study the experience of foreign countries in preserving carbon pools in forests, taking into account the specifics of legislation, principles of forest management, property rights to forests, etc. This article examines global experience in carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems, with a focus on Europe, the CIS and North America. Analysis of the forest management experience of foreign countries allows us to develop effective approaches to the development of management in the forest sector and to ensure the conservation of forest ecosystems as key carbon reservoirs.

The mainprocessingis the basis for preparing the soilforsowing.It is carried out by dumpplows,whichhavelowproductivity,high energy consumption and lowqualityof the technologicalprocess. The purpose of thisworkis to findways to improve the efficiencyofdumpplows.Studiesbydomesticandforeignscientists have shownthat the controlledparameters of the gripperwidthand the speed of movement of the unithavelimitations in terms ofagrotechnicalandenergyindicators,becausewiththeirincrease, the quality of plowingdecreases, the unevenness of theplow stroke indepthandwidth of processing increases, and the tractionresistance of the implement increases.Theoperation of serialploughswith a cultivatedblade is characterized by:with the driving method of movement, it leavespiledandcollapsedfurrows,untreatedwedges,lowstrokeutilization; a bladewith an elongatedwing does notallowreducing the distancebetween the workingbodies,increasing the dimensions of the ploughandmetal consumption,wrapsanddiscards the formation,having a hightractionresistance.Thesedisadvantagesreduceproductivityandincreaseoverall energy consumptionforsoilpreparation. The results of a theoreticalstudy of the formationturnoverscheme have establishedthat the diamond-shapedformation does notrequireadditionalturnover by the bladewing.Therefore, a symmetrical diamond–shapedbladewith a shortenedwing makes it possible to reduce the distancebetween the workingbodies,reducing the dimensionsandspecificmetal consumption; to ensure the operation of the unitinleft-rightrotationmode,performing a shuttlemode of movementwith an increase in the utilization rate of the workingstroke.Conclusion. The symmetrical diamond-shapedbladewith a shortenedwingreducestractionresistanceby15-20%,increasesproductivityandreducesunitfuel consumption by up to 25%comparedto a standardplow.

In the Message of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan K.Tokayev The people of Kazakhstan have been tasked with increasing labor productivity in agriculture by 3 times in the coming years compared to 2020. Labor productivity in agriculture is largely determined by the qualitative and quantitative composition of agricultural enterprises in agricultural formations and in the republic as a whole, as well as the use of water, energy, and resource-saving technologies that increase crop yields and animal productivity.

The analytical review analyzes the current situation in the agricultural formations of the Southeastern region of Kazakhstan: the composition of business entities in the agricultural sector is collected and evaluated; the structure of agricultural land as part of agricultural land; the total land area of business entities; the share of land distribution by category in the context of regions and agricultural land by land users; the average size of the area of business entities is determined by region, the average size of the acreage in agricultural formations, the acreage of the main crops and the availability of the main types of agricultural machinery in the region. In addition, the share of agricultural farms and farms in the structure of agricultural land and arable land with acreage has been determined.

The analysis shows that in most areas of the Southeastern region, more than half of crop production is produced in small agricultural enterprises, a significant part of which have an area of arable land of up to 50 hectares.

The main indicators of fields that characterize the natural and industrial working conditions of a machine and tractor unit are indicators related to land management and natural conditions.

This article presents the results of research on the freeze-drying processes of berries using mobile vacuum freeze-drying units developed to enhance the efficiency of agricultural product processing in Kazakhstan. The novelty of the study lies in the proposal of compact and energy-efficient units that are easily transportable and can be utilized in remote agricultural regions. This allows farmers to preserve their produce without loss of quality, which is particularly relevant for areas with limited infrastructure. The work includes experimental studies aimed at optimizing drying parameters, such as controlling the temperature on the surface and at the center of the product, as well as the pressure in the chamber. It has been established that at a pressure of 20±5 Pa, the temperature of the desublimator should be below -20°C, while the surface temperature of the product during the sublimation stage should be within -25±5°C. The results demonstrate that the proposed technology reduces drying time to 7-8 hours while maintaining the high quality of the final product, including its nutritional properties, color, and taste. The novelty of the work also lies in the development of an automatic control system for the drying process, which increases the accuracy of parameter control and reduces energy consumption. These findings are of significant interest to the agro-industrial sector, particularly for small farms aiming to improve production efficiency and preserve product quality.   

Investigation of the Diameter of Toothed Drums Installed on the Crusher During the Crushing of All Grain Crops, Rotational Speed, and the Gap Between the Two Drums.

Geometric parameters of the toothed drum that influence the grain crops during the crushing process were determined. It was established that energy consumption is reduced when crushing with toothed drums. As a result of theoretical research, the performance and speed of the grinder were defined. During the investigation, it was noted that the two counter-rotating drums should rotate at different speeds—one faster and another slower.

Furthermore, by considering the entry of the drum teeth into the grains and the arrangement of the grains along the length of the drum, the power required for crushing was determined, which indicated that the accuracy of the expression is sufficient for engineering equations. The power expended during the crushing process at various rotational frequency intervals was defined in this study. Additionally, theoretical values of the power spent on the crushing process at the rotational frequencies of the toothed drums were established.

A comparison of these theoretical power values with the experimental values obtained during the research was conducted. In justifying the design and technological development of the crusher, the diameter of the toothed drums was chosen based on the results of the theoretical studies.

The multizonal system is a new direction of renewable energy based on the integration of low–potential thermal energy from several renewable sources of different physical nature. At the same time, it is possible to reduce the factor of uneven intensity of individual renewable sources in magnitude and time, as well as to summarize their energy. The article develops a methodology for assessing the technical and economic indicators of the system: the scheme of the system is presented in relation to a dairy farm, the dependencies of the cost of energy and the annual economic effect on related factors are derived, calculations are performed and the results are analyzed.

The energy sector is one of the main planetary problems. It is based on three main dimensions – energy security, energy distribution equity, and environmental sustainability. These three goals represent a "trilemma" involving a complex relationship between public and private entities, governments and regulators, economic and social factors, national resources, environmental issues, and individual approach.

A promising development vector is associated with the use of alternative technologies and the widespread use of environmentally friendly renewable energy sources (RES), as evidenced by international agreements, the Kyoto Protocol, and the United Nations Framework Conventions on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

The use of solar energy and energy-saving technologies has always been relevant. However, in recent years, due to a sharp increase in energy prices (by 2–4 times) and the tightening of environmental regulations, these issues have become especially important.

This article is devoted to the development of a solar drying module integrated into a greenhouse facility for horticultural production, a topic that is both timely and relevant.

The study of the drying process aims to provide a scientific basis for selecting optimal methods and operating modes, as well as determining the necessary formulas and calculation expressions for designing drying units. This paper examines a solar drying module placed in the dome of a greenhouse structure. The main purpose of placing the solar drying module in the upper part of the greenhouse is to eliminate shadowing throughout daylight hours. Since the air inside the greenhouse has high humidity, the drying chamber of the helio-drying module receives air from the atmosphere in a heated form, serving as the drying agent.

The proposed improvement in greenhouse design, achieved by integrating a solar drying module during the summer period-when solar activity is at its peak- offers several advantages. The southern regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan provide favorable conditions for the widespread use of solar energy in greenhouses and drying systems, as they experience high solar activity during summer, as well as spring and autumn.

Theoretical and experimental research has been conducted to justify the key parameters and operating modes of the proposed helio-drying module, which is designed for drying various agricultural crops in the Southeastern regions of Kazakhstan.

The article presents the outcomes of both theoretical and experimental studies focused on justifying the parameters of a compact feed distributor-mixer.. Theoretical research led to the development of analytical expressions for determining the performance of the feed mixture unloading and calculating the mass of feed unloaded per meter of the feeding table. These expressions serve as the basis for optimizing the device’s operation.

Experimentally, the rational values of the horizontal auger’s rotational speed, mixing time, unloading window area, and uniformity of feed mixture unloading along the length of the feeding table were determined.

The optimal rotational speed of the horizontal auger was found to be 26 rpm, which ensured stable and efficient operation of the device. The mixing time for sheep was determined to be between 3-5 minutes, while for cattle (Cattle) it was 8-9 minutes, which contributed to better feed mixture quality. The uniformity of feed unloading along the length of the feeding table was 92.4%, an important indicator of uniform animal feeding. The obtained results allow recommending these parameters for improving the efficiency of feed distributor-mixers in agricultural production, and also provide a foundation for further research in the field of feed production mechanization.

This article presents an analysis of the fatty acid composition of butter available on the market, focusing on identifying signs of adulteration in the liquid phase. The objects of the study include butter samples B-C, B-D, B-G, B-H, B-I, and B-J. Particular attention is given to the content of key fatty acids, including butyric (C4:0), caproic (C6:0), caprylic (C8:0), capric (C10:0), lauric (C12:0), myristic (C14:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1), and linoleic (C18:2) acids.

The results indicate that the fatty acid composition of most samples complies with established regulatory standards, confirming the natural origin of the milk fat. The exception is sample B-H, which showed an elevated content of stearic acid (C18:0), potentially indicating the addition of non-dairy fats (e.g., beef or pork fat).

Minor components, such as pentadecanoic, palmitoleic, and margaric acids, identified in the samples, further support their natural origin and compliance with technical specifications.

The obtained data suggest that, except for sample B-H, the analyzed samples are high-quality products containing natural milk fat. The article introduces scientific novelty by utilizing advanced gas chromatography methods to detect signs of butter adulteration. The research findings aim to enhance the level of quality control for food products and prevent violations in food safety standards.

Mare's milk has long been widely used by many peoples. Due to its rich beneficial properties, today it is used in the nutrition of people suffering from allergies to cow's milk, in specialized food products for therapeutic and preventive purposes.

Probiotic fermented milk products based on mare's milk with immunomodulatory properties can expand the range of useful products in the country's market. Since probiotic microorganisms provide various health benefits, the use of such cultures in sourdough starter cultures allows the product to add a number of therapeutic, preventive and immunomodulatory properties.

Koumiss is the only fermented milk product from mare's milk available on the market today. In this regard, the development of new fermented dairy products based on mare's milk is relevant and in demand.

The aim of the study was to develop an immunomodulating fermented milk product based on mare's milk using probiotic strains: Lacticaseibacillusparacasei DDL–3-16, Lactiplantibacillusplantarum DLS 12-47 and Saccharomycescerevisiae S430b and comparative analyses for the determination of organoleptic (appearance, color, taste, odor and consistency) and physico-chemical (fat, protein, casein, lactose, urea, acidity, somo and dry substances) of the indicators of the finished product.

In the world, irrigated agriculture occupies 17% of the total area of cultivated land, provides 41% of crop production. Kazakhstan also attaches a special role to the development of irrigated agriculture, proceeding, first of all, from the possibilities and availability of water resources. Thus, of the total volume of available water resources, 65% is used for land reclamation. Irrigated lands of the country account for only 6.5% of the total arable land, while the Republic receives about 40% of crop production in estimated terms.

Water is one of the main factors in the production of field products. Water supply of irrigated lands should be considered as one of the links in the commodity-production chain "supply of resources-provision of water supply services-agricultural production-sale of products". Self-regulation of such a system in market conditions is ensured by the commercialization of relations at the junctions of these "links".

The efficiency of economic activity is determined primarily by the balance of economic interests of economic entities, and they consist in minimizing profits. Thus, water management organizations are interested in the simplest way to increase profits - increasing tariff rates and water supply volumes.

The perspective for the development of the water sector will be carried out taking into account the need for Kazakhstan to fulfill the sustainable development goals outlined by the United Nations in the field of provision, availability and rational use of water resources. The main vectors of development will be the creation of conditions to meet the growing needs for water from the population, the environment and sectors of the economy; ensuring effective management of water resources in the context of global climate change.

Sustainable agriculture is an approach to agricultural activities aimed at ensuring food security, conserving natural resources and minimizing negative impacts on the environment. In Kazakhstan, with its diverse climate zones and significant challenges such as aridity, soil degradation and climate change, sustainable agriculture is of particular relevance.

To carry out scientific research, field and laboratory generally accepted standard methods of agrochemical research were used. The aim of the study is to study the effect of the organic humic fertilizer "Tumat" on soil fertility and crop productivity in the conditions of south-eastern Kazakhstan. Organic humic fertilizer "Tumat" is characterized by high biological digestibility and contains a balanced complex of macro- and micronutrients and other biologically active substances.

The results of the study show that foliar fertilization of crops with Tumat fertilizer affects plant nutrition, enriching the soil with macronutrients during the growing season. The use of organic humic fertilizer "Tumat" improves the germination of seeds, stimulates the growth and development of plants, increases crop productivity and product quality. Organic humic fertilizer "Tumat" is recommended as an environmentally safe and effective means that contributes to increasing crop productivity and product quality, as well as improving soil fertility.

 In this article, all agrotechnical and additional measures carried out during the cultivation of corn were analyzed from the theoretical and practical side. In this, the main elements of corn cultivation are: the stages and duration of tillage, the importance of the thickness of seedlings during planting, varieties and hybrids, knowledge of the types of mineral fertilizers and acceptable standards for their use, disease and pest control, and the varieties and hybrids of corn that are recommended as the main and secondary crop included in the state register are given.

It is possible to obtain a higher yield of grain and green mass of corn due to the fact that the necessary elements, such as the correct selection of fertile varieties and hybrids, timely soil preparation, water storage in the soil, improvement of air and water regime, soil microflora, are absorbed by the plant. The first fertilizer leads to the fact that during the initial development of the plant, the stem and root parts are well formed. Plant seedlings develop rapidly, preventing the growth of weeds. The density of the plant's standing is a factor that affects individually each variety and hybrids that come out of the general soil and climatic conditions and the state of the onset of the year. Planting in the specified planting thickness is determined based on the fact that the crop is adapted to the variety and is durable as a separate dense or sparse crop.

The aggravation of environmental problems has led to the realization, formation and development of a new "green" course of environmental management, which should be based on the rejection of the anthropocentric concept and recognition of the value of nature.The article discusses the issues of corn and soybean cultivation in the south-east of Kazakhstan using biologization methods. Organic and biological fertilizers and biological preparations such as vermicompost, manure, HansePlant, BioEcoGum, Tumat, Agroflorin were used as methods of biologization. Field studies were conducted in 2021-2024 on the acreage of Baltabai 2030 LLP, located in the south-east of Kazakhstan, in the village of Baltabai in the Yenbekshikazakh district of the Almaty region.The application of biologization methods has had a positive impact on the growth, development, yield and quality indicators of corn and soybeans. The corn yield level due to the use of biologization methods was 12.4-15.5 t/ha, the value of this indicator in the control variant was 9.4 t/ha. The highest soybean yield was obtained in variants using preparations of the HansePlant complex (4.1 t/ha) and BioEcoGum (3.9 t/ha). The yield of the control variant is 2.6 t/ha. The use of biologization methods provided an increase in the protein content in corn grain to 0.13-0.50%, an increase in the fat content in soybean grain to 0.24-0.85%.

The article analyzes the reclamation status of irrigated lands from 1993 to 2020 in the Turkestan region. Lands with unsatisfactory land reclamation conditions have been increasing throughout the analyzed period. In recent years, they have been reduced by 16.3 thousand hectares, which is due to the results of projects for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of irrigated land. Also, due to the annual deterioration of the technical condition of collector and drainage systems and the lack of water in recent years, the areas of medium and heavily saline lands have increased slightly. The largest amount of heavily and very heavily saline lands is allocated in the Zhetysai, Shardara, Otyrar and Maktaaral districts.

According to the indicators of land reclamation, 574.4 thousand hectares, 185.5 thousand hectares or 32% of the total area of irrigated lands in the region are classified as good, 166.6 thousand hectares or 39% are classified as unsatisfactory. Over a long-term period of groundwater observations, it has been established that the irrigated lands of the Turkestan region are dominated by areas with a depth of groundwater of more than 3 m and, as of 2020, amount to 332.7 thousand hectares (or 58%).  

In order to use water resources economically and rationally, it is necessary to expand the use of water-resource-saving technologies and irrigation techniques, as well as rational irrigation regimes, taking into account aerolandscape features.

This scientific article presents the results of research conducted as part of the national scientific and technical program (STP) "Ensuring the sustainable development of potato farming, vegetable growing, and melon farming in Kazakhstan based on breeding, seed production, biotechnology, and innovative agricultural technologies." The research was carried out using generally accepted methodologies. The study evaluated the effectiveness of complex fertilizers applied through the drip irrigation system (fertigation) on tomato cultivation in the foothill zone of southeastern Kazakhstan. The impact of water-soluble complex fertilizers on tomato yield and quality was assessed. It was found that the studied fertilizers had a positive effect on plant growth processes, promoting intensive development and the formation of a robust biomass in tomato plants. The fertilizers tested in field experiments increased tomato yield compared to the control (29.4 t/ha) by 24.83–76.19%. The highest tomato yield (51.8 t/ha) was obtained using the water-soluble complex mineral fertilizer Aqua Drop N120P120K120 in combination with biofertilizers BioZZ and WORMic (25 L/ha). Nitrate content in all tomato samples did not exceed the permissible level. The lowest nitrate content (41 mg/kg) was found in fruits grown without fertilizers, while the highest (106 mg/kg) was observed in the variant with N120P120K120 applied to the soil. When tomatoes were fertilized with complex fertilizers (Aqua Drop) and new biofertilizers through fertigation, the nitrate content in the fruits ranged from 64–85 mg/kg, remaining below the permissible level of 150 mg/kg.

In irrigated agriculture of the Turkestan region, in recent years, due to irrational use of land and irregular implementation of melioration measures, there has been an increase in the level of mineralized groundwater and secondary salinization of soils, which has affected the decrease in the yield of raw cotton. The are a of non-saline soils in this region is decreasing from year to year, and there is also a shortage of water resources.

In field conditions, in an unplanned field, as is known, on elevated fields, plants dry out from lack of moisture, and on lowered ones, they die from soaking due to stagnant water and anaerobic conditions unfavorable for plants and soils. All this ultimately leads to a decrease in the yield of agricultural crops. The area of plots with hillocks and lowlands on an unplanned field can reach up to 40% of the total area. Such fields are covered with salt spots, manifested in the uneven growth and maturation of plants.

Improving short-rotation cotton crop rotations with the use of phytomeliorants as crop-developers for maintaining and increasing soil fertility in order to diversify farming systems is of great importance and is considered relevant.

Phytomelioration techniques for low-yield soils have a very diverse effect on their fertility. Cultivation of phytomeliorant crops, which helps solve the main problems of melioration of low-yield soils, comes down to the following: replacing absorbed sodium ions in colloids and humus of these soils with calcium ions, accumulating a new supply of nutrients in the soil and giving the soil a strong lumpy-granular structure. Therefore, in studies with phytomeliorant crops, much attention was paid to issues of studying their influence on changes in indicators characterizing the fertility of low-yield irrigated gray soils. The schemes of cotton crop rotation with the use of phytomeliorative crops in the zone of irrigated agriculture were studied, which ensure a deficit-free balance of humus, an increase in the potential and effective fertility of the soil, an increase in the productivity of crops depending on the use of phytomeliorants.

The conducted agro-ameliorative measures on phytomeliorative backgrounds caused positive changes in the bulk density of the processed 0-30 cm layer. On cotton crops after chickpeas and soybeans, it was revealed that good indicators of soil density are associated with the conducted agro-ameliorative measures after harvesting phytomeliorative crops (the introduction of 20 tons of organic matter and deep plowing to a depth of 40 cm, planning and early washing of the soil from harmful salts).