No. 1 (97) (2023): Research, results

The article presents the results of growing juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and clary catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in a mini- closed water supply installation in an incubation workshop at a fish farm of «Kapshagai Spawning and Growing Farm-1973» LLP in Almaty Region. During the work, generally, accepted methods of growing heat-loving fish were used, water quality was assessed according to methods generally accepted in hydrochemistry. The data on the main hydrochemical parameters of water in mini- closed water supply installation of rearing juveniles of valuable fish species are presented. A comparative analysis of the fish-biological indicators of juvenile tilapia and clary catfish is given. As a result of the studied fish-biological indicators of tilapia and clary catfish. Each type of live food (daphnia, moina) was awarded a certain rating place in relation to its use as fish food.

As a result of the work, it was found that the cultivation of fish planting material of tilapia and clary catfish in conditions of mini- closed water supply installation when using live food is effective. The average weight of juvenile tilapia and clary catfish when grown under such conditions was 0.5-0.6 g, with a survival rate of 96-98%. The obtained results of the work carried out show that when using various types of live food for juveniles of tilapia and clary catfish in the early stages of ontogenesis, moina is more effective than daphnia.

The problem of lack of animal feed in industrial fisheries has been known for a long time. On this page, the well-known method of obtaining live food does not lose its relevance. For the first time, on the example of the Almaty region, complex scientific studies were carried out on the rearing of juveniles of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on the basis of live food. The studies were carried out by "Kapshagai spawning and rearing farm-1973" LLP in the Almaty region (VI fish breeding zone). This article presents the results of a comparative study of the biochemical composition of dendrobena and staratel earthworms, the features of their reproduction and use as food for tilapia and catfish fry. The article describes the experience of breeding earthworms with improved methods. The results of the analysis of the biological parameters of fish obtained by feeding juveniles tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and catfish (Clarias gariepinus) with dendrobena and staratel worms are presented. As a result of a comprehensive analysis of the studied indicators, each type of worm was assigned a rating place. As a result of the research, it was noticed that feeding juveniles tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and catfish (Clarias gariepinus) with earthworms dendrobens and staratel has a positive effect on their fish-breeding and biological parameters.

The development of strategies to ensure veterinary safety at the macro and micro levels of agricultural industry management requires the collection of reliable and verifiable statistics of morbidity and mortality for each disease and animal species. This is especially important for new exotic diseases not previously observed on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, for which there are no local statistics and reliable observation results.

Recently, due to the increased risks of globalization and the rapid spread of particularly dangerous infections, it is also necessary to take into account the threats and potential damage from the spread of zoonotic infections. This damage can significantly exceed the direct damage to agricultural production, food and processing industries. This can lead to an increase in socio-economic tensions and the rupture of interregional and international ties. In this regard, there is an urgent need to develop a system of monitoring, risk assessment, and economic evaluation of the effectiveness of veterinary strategies, including for exotic and especially dangerous animal diseases. However, for a number of exotic and new diseases for Kazakhstan, as well as new breeds of livestock imported into Kazakhstan, there are no data on morbidity, mortality, impact on productivity in Kazakhstan. The purpose of the article is to determine the main methods of economic evaluation of the effectiveness of veterinary strategies, including exotic and especially dangerous animal diseases. For the economic assessment of efficiency, the main elements of calculations that make up the assessment of economic efficiency and are mandatory are determined.

The article presents the results of the analysis of the cultivation of spring durum wheat in the world, the main varieties of this crop in the south-east of Kazakhstan, the development of stem rust on varieties of durum wheat, data on the resistance of varieties in grain-sowing regions.

Under conditions of natural development of stem rust (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici) in the Almaty region, 15 varieties of spring durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) were studied. In the experiment, many Kazakh and foreign varieties showed moderate resistance and susceptibility to the disease. A moderate development of the infection within 30-40% was noted on the varieties Gordeiforme 254 and Nauryz 6, a strong development of 60% was in the variety Nauryz 2. In varieties Salauat and Zhakut 20, the initial and subsequent development of the disease was 20%, which is a sign of slow rust development (Slow rusting).

Kazakh varieties of durum wheat Seymur 17, Sharifa and Russian variety Kanysh showed moderate resistance to stem rust. These varieties, which have other economically valuable traits, can restrain the development of the disease in the region.

The introduction of vegetable crops has always been relevant, and is no less important for Kazakhstan because the movement of new valuable types of vegetable crops to various ecological and geographical zones allows you to significantly expand the range of vegetables and increase the consumption of vegetable products, make it more complete and diverse. Among all cabbage vegetables, Kale cabbage attracts special attention. Recently, this culture has become widespread due to its unique biochemical composition.

For Kazakhstan, Kale cabbage is a new crop. The introduction of leafy cabbage will contribute to the diversification of vegetable growing in the country, the expansion of the species composition of vegetable crops. Vegetable farms will grow a new vegetable crop, and the local population will receive very valuable vitamin products. In connection with the above, the study and introduction to the culture of Kale leaf cabbage is of great relevance for our country.

A primary collection of Kale leaf cabbage was formed and its study was carried out on a complex of economically valuable characteristics (productivity, quality indicators). In early maturity, the F₁ Dwart green curlet hybrid stood out. The maximum indicator in all parameters (height, number of leaves, etc.) fell on the hybrid F₁ Nero di Toskana. The hybrid F₁ Kapitan showed maximum productivity – 32,29 t/ha, the next in terms of productivity was F₁ Red Russian – 28,7 t/ha, then F₁ Dwart green curlet – 28,0 t/ha. A high content of dry substances and vitamin "C" in cabbage leaves was detected in the F₁ Scarlet hybrid, and the F₁ Dwart green curlet hybrid stood out in terms of the content of total sugars. The hybrid F₁ Dwart green curlet turned out to be the most combining the maximum number of the best indicators.

As a result of a two-year study of the biological characteristics of seven introduced varieties of remontant raspberries, in the conditions of the south-east of Kazakhstan, the main economically useful features of Russian and Polish varieties were established.

The Russian cultivar Bryanskoye Divo 9.8 t/ha was the most productive, exceeding the other studied cultivars by an average of 12%. For productive varieties Polka by 4.2%, this variety is distinguished by the largest berries (average weight - 5.2 g). Research will be continued and, based on their results, promising varieties will be submitted to the SSI.

The experiments were carried out in the farm "Aidarbaev", in the village "Saimasay", Enbekshikazakh district of Almaty region. In the first half, studies were carried out, with positive weather conditions. The second half of the growing season was characterized by significantly hot, dry-dry weather. The repetition of the experiment is 3-fold for 10 accounting plants, in each repetition.

Phenological records of observation were carried out during the growing season. So, with a naturally simultaneous beginning of the growing season, observed at the end of March, shoots appeared in the remaining phases, which differed in terms of their passage.

In the experiment produced, counting the leaves. Despite the longest shoots of the Karamelka variety, in terms of the number of leaves, it is inferior to the Raspberry Ridge and Nizhegorodets varieties. In the Polana variety, all the main biometric indicators were lower than in the other studied varieties.

The scientific article was prepared based on the results of research that was carried out within the framework of the project "Organic production of potatoes and root crops (carrot and beet) based on the use of adaptive eco-friendly varieties and biologization of agricultural technology of crops in the conditions of south-east Kazakhstan". The research was carried out according to the methods generally accepted in vegetable growing and agrochemistry. In the conditions of dark chestnut soils of the foothill zone of the south-east of Kazakhstan, the effectiveness of new types of organic fertilizers and biological products on potato was studied. The importance of various bio-organic fertilizers in the production of organic potatoes was evaluated. In field experiments with potatoes, the effect of organic fertilizers, biofertilizers and biostimulants produced in Kazakhstan and foreign countries on the yield and quality of tubers was revealed. The scientific article presents experimental data for 2021-2022. It is established that the studied biofertilizers have a positive effect on the growth processes of plants. Intensive development and formation of a powerful biomass of potato plants is noted. There was an improvement in the quality of products due to a decrease in the content of nitrates. Bioorganic fertilizers and biologics increased potato yields by 12.50-88.09% (2021) and by 17.39-87.50% (2022). The nitrate content in potato tubers fluctuated markedly depending on the types of fertilizers used. Minimum levels of nitrates (60-84 mg/kg) were observed in crops grown with the use of new biofertilizers - StresStop, Wormi, MEGAVit and BioZZ. The lowest nitrate content in potatoes (49 mg/kg) according to experience was on the variant where 100% organic fertilizer Terra Sorb foliar was used at a rate of 3 l/ha (3-fold).

The article presents the results of studies on the influence of soil properties and topographic factors on the growth and development of black saxaul (Haloxylon aphyllum (Minkw.) Iljin) in the study area of the Kyzylorda region, in the village of Karateren in the dried soils of the Aral Sea. The studies were carried out in several stages, as a result of which it was found that only 25% of the survival rate of trees was high only if the soil profile of the planted tree seedlings was sandy soil in the range of 0-100 cm, but it was found that the composition of the soil the profile of dried trees consisted of 75-100% clay and silt. This field study was carried out jointly with Japanese and Kazakh soil scientists. The study found that in order to successfully carry out landscaping work and forestrestation in arid areas, it is advisable to pre-plan and conduct an environmental assessment before planting trees. And for planting black saxaul, a positive result is possible if the soil with a depth of 0-100 cm consists of sandy soils.

The article analyses the agrobiological study of domestic and foreign selection of blackcurrant varieties for 2020-2022 in the climatic conditions of Almaty region. The range of blackcurrant varieties is determined by the diversity of climatic conditions and the level of selection. Currants are one of the most common berry crops in southeastern Kazakhstan. It is appreciated for its endurance, fertility, yield, high quality of berries, both fresh and processed. Experimental fields of KazNIIPO LLP are located in the Talgar district of Almaty region. The object of study is 15 varieties of blackcurrant domestic and foreign selection, the method of the most stable yield over the years of research was characterised by the following varieties (harvest 70-75 c/ha) PokolonBorisova, Primorsky giant, Nora, Taula, Talgat, Aidar, Rayana, Maral. As a result of scientific work for 2020-2022, the studied varieties of blackcurrant Taula, Talgat, Rayana, Kadia, Aidar, Maral, PoklonBorisova, Treasure, Primorsky giant, which are recommended for cultivation in Almaty region, were allocated on economic and value characteristics (winter resistance, total condition, yield, weight of  The scientific article was prepared with the support of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan within the framework of STP PCF BR 10765032 "Creation of varieties and hybrids of fruit and berry, walnut crops and grapes based on the achievements of bio and IT technologies".

The article presents the results of a study of the influence of different norms of phosphorus fertilizers applied under different varieties of alfalfa on the dynamics of nutrients in the light chestnut soil of the south-east of Kazakhstan. In the course of the work, the main factors controlling the effect of phosphate fertilizers, that is, the amount of nutrients in the soil and their effect on the productivity of alfalfa crops, were identified.

Studies of the effectiveness of phosphate fertilizers on alfalfa varieties were carried out on irrigated soils in the south-east of the republic. Common and light gray soils with low natural fertility and light chestnut soils are common in this area. Based on the latest research conducted by the Republican Agrochemical Center, it was found that 97.4% of the arable irrigated soils of the region have a low level of organic matter, and 99.3% of the lands are provided with nitrogen effective for plants at a low level, and half of these lands are provided with mobile phosphorus on the Middle level. The irrigated soils of the region are rich in potassium, so they do not need potassium fertilizer.

The content of nitrate nitrogen during the period of alfalfa shoots on irrigated light chestnut soil without fertilizers was in the range of 50.4-55.8 mg/kg. In addition, it has been observed that nitrate nitrogen increases from the initial stage to the final stage in accordance with the growing season. It was found that the amount of nitrate nitrogen in the studied varieties in the first harvest was 50.0-60.0 mg/kg, and after the 4th harvest, its amount increased significantly to 65.0-70.4 mg/kg.

The introduction of phosphate fertilizers into the studied soil showed an effective effect on the amount of mobile phosphorus in the soil.

The article discusses and analyzes the effect of different dosages on the organoleptic characteristics of finished pasta using sensory analysis and a point system. The work was carried out in the Astana branch of the Kazakh Research Institute of Processing and Food Industry. The study has theoretical and practical significance and can be useful to scientists and manufacturers in the development of new recipes and/or technologies for pasta with specified functional properties using non-traditional raw materials. The experiments were carried out on three formulations of mixtures from unconventional raw materials with the addition of 25% corn starch with a drying agent at temperatures of 40, 50 and 60 ° C. According to the results of the study of rheological properties, the drying rate increases with an increase in the drying temperature. The maximum duration of drying until the humidity level reaches 10% corresponds to a recipe containing corn, chickpeas, soy and buckwheat. Sensory analysis of the quality assessment showed that pasta with a high content of corn and buckwheat received the highest score of 93. Other mixtures also received good ratings, which indicates a balanced composition of all formulations. It was found that the optimal drying temperature for these mixtures is 60 °C in terms of preserving the nutritional properties, quality characteristics of dry food products and energy efficiency in industrial production.

The forest fund State accounting  is carried out in the manner established by the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, to organize of forest fund protection , reproduction and afforestation, forest use, systematic control over quantitative and qualitative changes in the forest fund and provide state bodies, interested individuals and legal entities with information about the forest fund. Kazakhstan's forest management fieldwork in development has gone through long and difficult conditions. Understanding the features and achievements of modern forest management and its creation. Based on this, forest management current issues are solved (subject to changes that have occurred in the forest fund and in accordance with the recommendations of the forest inventory project), evaluated results ofeconomic work,  information is provided on the state of forest resources. Its main goal - provide forestry institutions with comprehensively processed data, by obtaining reliable information about forest resources in forest management, reproduction and protection of forests. The state forest cadaster and monitoring creation, implementation of control measures over clearly defined volumes and measures of forest management. The forest surveying main goal - develop a system are focused on efficiency of forest management and forest resources using, the forests reproduction and protection, and scientific and technical policy uniformity in forestry.Currently, the state goal - increase forest reserves, through the effective organization of forestry, with the correct use of the forest fund. The main goal of forestry: increase the forest fund, total satisfaction the population needs in wood and other forest products, forest fire protection, disease protection, increase the protective structure and increase forest wealth. Recently, GIS technologies have been introduced in forestry and forest production. Currently, an urgent issue is to increase the activity of forestry, increase the land covered with forests. The main task of modern forestry leaders - the formation competitive, versatile foresters.

The article presents the results of the study of land use in the branches of fruit and vegetable growing. The purpose of writing the article is to analyze the current state of agricultural land use and establish the reasons for their inefficient use in the southern region of the country.

There was carried out the analysis of the structure of land use in fruit growing by categories of farms in the context of the regions of South Kazakhstan, and was determined the estimated level of efficiency of fruit and vegetable growing by indicators of gross and marketable products. The method of intensive technology for fruit growing in Yenbekshikazakh district of Almaty region is considered, as well as the advantages of innovative technology, especially drip irrigation system.   The structure of sown areas under agricultural crops is also analyzed. On the basis of the analysis the ways of optimal use of land resources, including a greater emphasis on the effective use of agricultural land are proposed.

For the rational use of agricultural land, it is necessary to comply with all requirements, such as agro-technical, technological, structural and organizational. Today, in the cultivation of crops, crop rotations are not observed, organic and mineral fertilizers are not applied, which leads to soil degradation and reduction of their yields. There is secondary salinization of soils in the Southern regions, many lands are exposed to water and wind erosion. In this region, modern methods of control, such as space monitoring, are being introduced to control the use of agricultural land, which will allow timely identification and withdrawal of inefficiently used land from economic entities.

Geographic information systems are increasingly being used in hydrology for both operational computations and water-resource assessment, as well as for the study of the hydrological regime of water bodies. Many of the problems of data collection, processing and interpretation, the design of hydrological networks, and the preparation of proposals for decision-making can be solved more easily and efficiently than has been the case in hydrological practice to date through the extensive use of GIS technology and personal computers. The ability of GIS technology to present water bodies on digital or paper maps, together with their hydrographic characteristics, hydrological stations and measurement data, allows a rapid and automated integrated analysis and interpretation of observation materials to obtain a detailed picture of the processes taking place.

This paper proposes methodological approaches to the use of GIS for a wide variety of hydrological tasks as applied to river basins of Almaty region. The necessary physical and geographical characteristics of the selected rivers were determined from the digital maps and compared with previously published data. The catchment boundaries of the study rivers were clarified.  Depending on the shape and location of the basins, the principle of selecting map projections for the most accurate measurements of linear and area features was proposed. The proposed methodological approaches to the execution of cartometric works with the help of GIS-technology made it possible to significantly reduce time expenditures and increase the accuracy of measurement results.

In the article, the authors considered the need to use geographic information systems and remote sensing data when detecting changes in the territory where a forest fire occurred. ENVI 5.2 and ArcGIS 10.8.1 programs and data from Landsat 5, Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+), Landsat 8 OLI optical satellites were used to detect changes in the fire zone. In addition, post-fire changes in woodlands are described using methods of remote sensing of the Earth (remote sensing). The research area is the Zhanasemeysky branch of the State Forest Nature Reserve "Semey Ormany", located on the territory of the Abai region of Kazakhstan. The changes in the vegetation cover of the territories over 15 years, that is, in the period from 2007 to 2022, where the fire occurred, are considered.

The research area was digitized based on high-resolution Google Earth images, and then the digitized maps were converted into a shapefile using the ArcGIS software. Before the main processing, the resulting image underwent a pre-processing stage consisting of radiometric and atmospheric corrections. To detect a fire in the resulting image, the index dNBR = (NBRprefire – NBRpostfire) was used. Therefore, first we determine the PreNBR index, which is calculated based on images taken before the fire. In the case of the study, these images are dated 25.03.2008. After making all adjustments to the pictures, PreNBR=(b4-b7)/(b4+b7), PostNbr=(b4-b7)/(b4+b7) were calculated. It is intended for images taken after a fire. In the case of the study, these images are dated 05/20/2008, at the end we calculate dNBR. Classify the images according to the values obtained. Thus, we determine where the fire originated.

In addition, in the article, the authors considered the need to use geographic information systems and remote zoning data for more accurate and effective monitoring of forests.

The article deals with the actual problem of degradation of agricultural land, one of the reasons for which is the anthropogenic activity of the population and the arid climate of the country.

As a result of urbanization and intensive agricultural land development in the south and east of the country, the natural vegetation cover is severely disturbed. The area of land occupied by mining enterprises is steadily growing. Over the past 10 years, the areas of oil and gas production, uranium ore mining, etc. Roads, pipelines and power lines, which are being laid at an ever-increasing pace, have a huge impact on the fauna. Land resources in the country are subject to structural and qualitative changes. The use of the existing model of agricultural development of raw materials leads to inefficient economic development and an ever-increasing burden on ecosystems.

The soil in Kazakhstan is very vulnerable, as it is comprehensively affected by various anthropogenic factors that lead to a constant deterioration of its quality. The current ecological situation in agricultural land use makes the problem of rational use of polluted lands relevant.

The development of new economic relations and a wide variety of forms of ownership, a significant decrease in the technical and production potential of the water management and land reclamation industry make it necessary to develop fundamentally new methods of Metrological support for water use processes. This is one of the most pressing issues today related to the field of water metering and water metering in irrigation systems and water management facilities. According to the research of the authors of the article, on the basis of well - known and promising developments in the field of creating domestic automated control systems for technological processes in irrigation systems, recommendations were developed for the creation of information and measuring complexes for irrigation systems using modern general water metering devices.

The development of new economic relations and a wide variety of forms of ownership, a significant decrease in the technical and production potential of the water management and land reclamation industry make it necessary to develop fundamentally new methods of Metrological support for water use processes. This is one of the current topical issues related to the field of water metering and water measurement in irrigation systems and water management facilities, therefore, in this paper, characteristics of the software structure of the use of a device for measuring water levels are given

The subject of the study is the current state of the Shelek River. Research methods are systematization of observation data and their statistical processing, methods of hydrological calculations. Two posts on the Shelek River were taken as hydrological measurement and observation points: in Malybai village and on the Bartogai reservoir. Bartogay. The longest observation period on the Shelek river flow is available for the post in Malybai village Malybai post 48 years (1956-2018). Calculations to determine the hydrological characteristics of the Shelek River and Bartogai Reservoir have been carried out. The climatic factors and the calculated characteristics of the annual flow of the river are analysed. In view of the latter, to calculate the annual flow rate and statistical parameters the available observation series was used, which is mainly 48 years.  The natural water resources of the Bartogai reservoir in an average water year is 971.04 million m³ , intended for seasonal regulation of the river flow with its subsequent drawdown during the growing season for irrigation needs.

The great diversity of general natural conditions and the complexity of the orography of the basin determine considerable differences in the nourishment and water regime during the year. The main share of runoff occurs mainly in the spring-summer period (March-October). The main flow is provided by snow and glacier sources. The area under consideration is divided by hydrological conditions into mountainous - zone of runoff formation and plain - area of runoff losses and dissipation.

This article outlines the results of light transmission and heat loss in polycarbonate and in glass, which are often used as greenhouse construction. The object of the study is various materials for covering greenhouses, which are glass and polycarbonate. The purpose of the work was to study materials for covering greenhouses based on the following topics: consideration of materials for greenhouses, properties of polymers and glass, characteristics, sustainability in the conditions of the city of Almaty. The relevance of this article is the study of measurements of light transmission and heat loss of materials for covering greenhouses. As an experiment, a par lighmeter device was used to measure the luminous flux.

The objectives of this article:

1. Calculate the amount of heat loss in greenhouses made of polycarbonate and glass.
2. Determine the light transmission ability of glass and polycarbonate in the conditions of the city of Almaty.
3. Identify a more suitable material for greenhouses.

As a result of the study, it was concluded that a greenhouse made of glass is ahead of polycarbonate in light transmission. But she showed great warmth.

The sum of the advantages of different materials suggests that these materials can be used on a large scale in the long term. A comparison of polycarbonate and glass has shown that each type of greenhouse cladding material has its own unique advantages and limitations.

The scientific article is aimed at studying the technology of cleaning mine wells using the hydraulic method of erosion, removal of soil deposits and the grapple method of removing foreign objects for a mobile installation. This installation ensures the performance of all technological operations and the improvement of the technological parameters of the installation – an increase in productivity by 1.2 – 1.3 times. A brief overview of previous studies on restoring the flow rate of mine wells by cleaning them from silting, soil deposits and foreign objects and their maintenance is given. The design and technological scheme of a mobile installation developed at NAO KazNAIU for cleaning and disinfection of mine wells and maintenance of water-lifting equipment with a description of the device, technological process, distinctive features and novelty in comparison with analogues is given. A patent of invention KZ No. 32994 was obtained for the design of a mobile installation for cleaning and disinfection of mine wells, the patent holder of which is NAO KazNAIU.

The method of substantiation of theoretical prerequisites for the new technology of cleaning of mine wells using the hydraulic method of erosion, pneumatic drilling and removal of soil deposits by a two-chamber pneumatic pump and a grapple method of removing foreign objects is proposed, the results of their research are given.

The purpose of the study is related to the search for technological and technical achievements in the design of chlorella suspension production facilities for further widespread use in animal husbandry. As a result of the study, it was proposed to use modern technologies in the production of chlorella suspension, which is used to increase immunity and reduce the mortality of young farm animals. Using the example of the UVI-200 unit and a new unit that uses LED lighting in its work, the use of existing chlorella suspension cultivation units was compared. The use of" red "and" blue " spectrum LEDs, the use of feedback controllers and computer control of suspension breeding modes make it possible to obtain products with these characteristics and with minimal use of qualified labor. In addition, data on the cost of chlorella suspension are given.

For the cultivation of chlorella in the conditions of farms, a closed-type bioreactor made in the form of a tube was developed and tested. The height of the device depends on the volume of chlorella suspension required for drinking cattle. The closed system allows you to carry out and control the following technological operations: supply of air or gas mixture, supply of nutrient solutions, automatic control of temperature and lighting, and discharge of culture fluid. Due to such features of the design of the apparatus, free flow of oxygen, optimal absorption of LED lighting is achieved, the formation of stagnant zones due to suspension circulation is excluded, which contributes to a decrease in energy and labor costs in the process of growing algae as a whole.